Citizenship by marriage allows individuals to gain citizenship in a country by marrying one of its citizens. It is a unique route to citizenship and a personal journey that shows that love goes beyond borders. Unlike other methods of obtaining citizenship, it requires meeting specific conditions, such as living in the country for a set period and undergoing background checks.
Each country requires applicants to fulfill specific conditions, such as being physically present in the country for a certain period, meeting the continuous residence requirement, and undergoing a naturalization interview. Many countries also require the foreign spouse to live in the country for a set amount of time, with the length of the marriage being another key factor.
This guide explains citizenship by marriage and provides 21 countries with minimal residency requirements and shorter marriage durations needed to obtain permanent residency or citizenship. This is more of what we will cover:
What is citizenship by marriage?
Citizenship by marriage allows a foreign spouse to gain citizenship in a new country by marrying a citizen of that nation. This legal process provides the spouse with citizenship rights, enabling them to live, work, and enjoy citizenship rights in their spouse’s country. However, eligibility criteria must be met.
To qualify, the foreign spouse usually needs to maintain continuous residence in the country, proving that the marriage is genuine and not solely for citizenship purposes. The foreign spouse must also live together with their spouse in a marital union for a certain period before applying for citizenship. In many cases, immigration services or an immigration attorney will be required to assist in the process and ensure that all documentation is in order.
21 Countries that Offer Citizenship by Marriage
Many citizenship by marriage countries have different requirements. Still, the nations listed below stand out because they offer citizenship by marriage with relatively minimal residency requirements and shorter marriage lengths.
Here are 20 countries to look out for when looking into gaining a passport through citizenship by marriage:
1. Paraguay
- Time required: 3 years of marriage
To gain Paraguayan citizenship through marriage, the foreign spouse must be married to a Paraguayan citizen and live in Paraguay for three years. During this time, they must also maintain the correct immigration status, ensuring they follow the legal requirements for physical residency.
Once the three-year residency and marriage requirements are met, immigration services will need you to gather these documents:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate
- Marriage certificate (translated into Spanish if necessary)
- Police clearance certificate from Paraguay and your country of origin
- Medical certificate
- Proof of financial means or employment
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse.
The country offers the lowest cost of living in South America, with reasonably priced housing, food, and services. Other ways of obtaining citizenship in Paraguay include naturalization, descent, and birth.
2. Argentina
- Time required: 2 years of residency
Argentina offers a straightforward process for granting citizenship, supported by its inclusive citizenship and immigration services. It requires two years of continuous residence and marriage to expedite the process, allowing for a relatively quick pathway to obtaining a passport.
Once the requirements are fulfilled, these are the supporting documents that should be gathered:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Spanish)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of legal residency for two years
- Police clearance certificates (Argentina and home country)
- Proof of income or financial solvency
- Medical certificate
- Proof of integration into Argentine society (e.g., Spanish proficiency)
This South American country is filled with culture and offers a low cost of living, amazing healthcare and education.
Argentina also provides visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to more than 170 countries. It also offers citizenship by birth or descent and naturalization after two years of residency for non-married individuals.
3. Mexico
- Time required: 2 years of residency
In Mexico, a person can acquire citizenship through marriage after two years of residency and marriage. It is a great country to live in, with a rich cultural history, a warm climate, and an affordable cost of living. Its proximity to the U.S. makes it an attractive option and gives residents access to a well-established healthcare system.
Therefore, after the two years of residency, these are the documents that should be gathered:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Spanish)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 2 years of legal residency
- Police clearance certificates (from Mexico and home country)
- Proof of income or employment
- Medical certificate
- Integration into Mexican society (Spanish language test or cultural knowledge test may apply)
Other paths to citizenship in Mexico include citizenship by descent, naturalization, and birth. However, there is also a Mexican citizenship by investment option, which can be acquired through real estate investments.
4. Spain
- Time required: one year of residency
Spain is known for its beautiful Mediterranean climate, great quality of life, and rich cultural heritage. Fortunately, Spain allows citizenship after just one year of residency following marriage, along with excellent healthcare, access to the broader European Union (EU) job market, and travel.
Therefore, after fulfilling the residency requirements, these are the documents that may be required:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Spanish)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 1 year of legal residency
- Proof of good character (police clearance)
- Proof of income or financial solvency
- Proof of integration (Spanish language proficiency and cultural knowledge test)
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
Spain also offers other paths to citizenship, including citizenship by birth, naturalization, and descent, and the attractive Spain Golden Visa program, which has several appealing investment options for foreign nationals.
5. Portugal
- Time required: 3 years of marriage with proof of connection to the community.
Portugal is another country with minimum requirements for obtaining citizenship by marriage, which requires only three years of marriage without a strict residency requirement.
In addition, Portugal gives access to beautiful coastlines, a warm climate, and a lower cost of living than other European countries.
To come closer to enjoying the EU citizenship benefits and freedom to work and live in the EU, these are the documents needed for the citizenship by marriage application process:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Portuguese)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of legal residency
- Police clearance certificates (Portugal and home country)
- Proof of income or financial means
- Proof of ties to the country (e.g., property ownership, employment)
- Portuguese language proficiency test (basic level)
Other paths to gaining a Portuguese passport include birth, descent, or naturalization. The country also boasts a variety of attractive visa options for non-EU nationals. For instance, the Portugal Golden Visa program allows non-EU citizens to gain Portuguese residency in exchange for an investment in the country, with the potential of Portuguese citizenship.
For everything you need to know about Portugal citizenship
6. Italy
- Time required: 2 years of residency
Italy offers the best pasta and wine and a relatively easy process for gaining citizenship by marriage. The country requires only two years of residency following marriage to grant foreigners an Italian passport.
Additionally, living in Italy provides access to excellent healthcare, free education, and the chance to live and work across the EU.
These are the required supporting documents for Italian citizenship through marriage:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Italian)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 2 years of residency (or three years if living abroad)
- Proof of good character (police clearance)
- Proof of financial means or employment
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
- Proof of integration (Italian language proficiency test)
Other sought-after routes include Italian citizenship by descent, birth, naturalization, and the Italy Golden Visa program, also known as the Investor Visa for Italy.
7. France
- Time required: 4 years of marriage with proof of regular residence in France.
In France, four years of marriage and proof of regular residence will grant you citizenship. The country is celebrated for its art, cuisine, and high quality of life. It also offers one of the best healthcare systems in the world, free education, and extensive travel benefits as an EU member.
The application process requires the following:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into French)
- Marriage certificate (4 years of marriage)
- Proof of legal residency
- Proof of good character (police clearance)
- Proof of income or financial means
- Proof of integration (French language proficiency test)
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
Other available routes for foreigners to gain French citizenship include by birth, descent, and naturalization.
8. Belgium
- Time required: 3 years of marriage and residency
Belgium offers citizenship after three years of marriage and residency. This central European country is known for its political and economic stability, multilingual culture, and excellent healthcare and education systems. Its location makes it a perfect gateway for travel within Europe.
This is what will be required for the application process:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into French/Dutch/German depending on region)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 3 years of marriage and residency
- Police clearance certificate
- Proof of income or financial stability
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
- Integration (language proficiency depending on the region and cultural integration test)
- In addition to citizenship by marriage, Belgium offers citizenship by birth or descent and by naturalization after five years of residency.
9. Canada
- Time required: 3 years of permanent residency
In Canada, the foreign spouse must first obtain lawful permanent residency (PR) and live there for three years within the past five years before they can apply for Canadian citizenship. This residency period is the same whether the individual is married to a Canadian citizen or not.
Canada is also known for its high quality of life, excellent healthcare, and diverse society. It is also a naturally beautiful country with a strong economy, which makes it an attractive place for families.
These are the documents needed for the Canadian citizenship by marriage application process:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into English/French)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of permanent residency
- Proof of 3 years of residency (within the last five years)
- Police clearance certificates (Canada and home country)
- Proof of income or employment
- Canadian language proficiency test (if required)
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
- Citizenship by marriage is not the only way to gain a Canadian passport; there are also options for citizenship by birth, descent, and naturalization.
- Good moral character
The country also offers another pathway to citizenship through the Canada Start-up Visa, specifically designed to attract innovative entrepreneurs who can contribute to the growth of the nation’s economy.
10. Germany
- Time required: 3 years of marriage and 2 years of residency.
Renowned for its economic strength, excellent public infrastructure, and world-class education system, Germany requires three years of marriage and two years of residency to qualify for citizenship.
Being a German citizen has several benefits, including access to the EU job market and high-quality healthcare.
The application process for German citizenship through marriage requires the following documents.
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into German)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 3 years of marriage and two years of residency
- Police clearance certificates (Germany and home country)
- Proof of financial means or employment
- Proof of integration (German language proficiency and cultural knowledge test)
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
Moreover, Germany offers birth, descent, naturalization, and more citizenship paths.
11. Greece
- Time required: 3 years of marriage with 3 years of residency.
Obtaining Greek citizenship comes with many benefits. The country grants citizenship after three years of marriage and residency.
Owners of the Greek passport can enjoy the country’s stunning islands, Mediterranean climate, and access to the EU’s freedom of movement and work opportunities.
The application process for Greek citizenship by marriage requires the following documents:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Greek)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 3 years of marriage and residency
- Police clearance certificate
- Proof of income or financial solvency
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
- Integration (Greek language proficiency and cultural test)
In addition to offering citizenship by descent, birth, and naturalization, Greece has the appealing Greece Golden Visa program, which is particularly interesting for foreign investors.
12. Türkiye
- Time required: 3 years of marriage with residency
Türkiye is known for its unique blend of European and Asian influences and offers a lower cost of living and a growing economy.
The country allows foreigners to get citizenship by marriage after three years of marriage and to show integration into society through the immigration process.
These are the required documents for Turkish citizenship by marriage:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Turkish)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 3 years of marriage and residency
- Police clearance certificate
- Proof of financial means or employment
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
- No language test required
Türkiye also offers citizenship through naturalization after five years of residency and through investment programs, such as Turkish citizenship by investment through real estate.
13. Switzerland
- Required time: 3 years of marriage and 5 years of residency
To qualify for citizenship by marriage in Switzerland, the couple must remain married for three years and have five years of residency, with at least one year spent living in Switzerland.
The powerful Swiss passport also allows residents to enjoy easy travel across Europe, as well as enjoy Switzerland’s natural beauty, stable economy, and impressive public services.
These are the documents needed for Swiss citizenship through marriage application process:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into a national language)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 3 years of marriage and 5 years of residency
- Police clearance certificates (Switzerland and home country)
- Proof of financial means or employment
- Proof of integration (language proficiency depending on the region, cultural knowledge test)
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
Other ways of obtaining citizenship in Switzerland are through descent and naturalization after ten years of residency.
14. Ireland
- Time required: 3 years of marriage and 3 years of residency
In Ireland, citizenship is possible after at least three years of marriage and residency. Ireland offers beautiful landscapes, a friendly community, and substantial economic opportunities, particularly in tech and finance. Additionally, Irish citizens can live and work across the EU.
To prepare for the application process, these are the documents needed:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into English)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 3 years of marriage and residency
- Police clearance certificate
- Proof of income or financial stability
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
- No language test required
There is also the option to gain citizenship by birth, descent, or naturalization after five years of residency and through the Ireland Golden Visa.
15. Dominican Republic
- Time required: Citizenship after 6 months of marriage and residency.
The Dominican Republic offers tropical weather, beautiful beaches, and a relaxed lifestyle. Thanks to its efficient citizenship and immigration services, it also provides one of the shortest paths to citizenship by marriage, with citizenship granted after just six months of marriage and residency.
This is what is needed for the application process:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Spanish)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 6 months of marriage and residency
- Police clearance certificate
- Proof of income or financial solvency
- Medical certificate
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
Furthermore, the Dominican Republic offers citizenship by birth and naturalization after two years of residency.
16. Honduras
- Time required: One year of residency
Citizenship status is possible in Honduras after just one year of residency following marriage. The country is known for its affordable living costs, lush rainforests, and beautiful beaches. It’s a great destination for those seeking a tropical climate and a more relaxed lifestyle.
Therefore, this is what is required for the application process:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Spanish)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 1 year of marriage and residency
- Police clearance certificates (Honduras and home country)
- Proof of income or financial means
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
- No language test required
Another way to obtain citizenship in Honduras is by naturalization after three years of residency.
17. Peru
- Time required: 2 years of marriage, with no strict residency requirement.
Peru is loved for its diverse landscape, from beaches to the Amazon rainforest, its low cost of living, and its rich cultural history. It also has one of the easiest processes for those looking at citizenship by marriage: it only requires two years of marriage, and there is no strict residency requirement to provide citizenship.
To prepare for the application process, these are the documents you will need:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Spanish)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 2 years of marriage (residency not always required)
- Police clearance certificate
- Proof of financial means or employment
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
- No language test required
Additionally, Peru has a growing economy and offers foreigners the option to apply for citizenship by birth, descent, and naturalization after two years of residency.
18. Colombia
- Time required: 2 years of residency
In Colombia, spouses can apply for citizenship after two years of marriage and residency. The country is known for its beautiful landscapes and affordable cost of living. It has a growing economy and offers access to quality healthcare and education.
These are the documents needed for obtaining citizenship:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Spanish)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 2 years of marriage and residency
- Police clearance certificates (Colombia and home country)
- Proof of financial means or employment
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
- Integration (basic Spanish language test may be required)
In addition to its vibrant culture, Colombia offers the option of gaining citizenship by birth, descent, and naturalization after five years of residency.
19. Costa Rica
- Time required: 2 years of residency and marriage
Costa Rica is loved for many reasons, including its peaceful lifestyle, a focus on environmental sustainability, and a high quality of life. It also has what would typically be considered a smooth citizenship-by-marriage process, with two years of marriage and residency required to attain citizenship.
To apply for citizenship by marriage, these are some of the documents needed:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Spanish)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 2 years of marriage and residency
- Police clearance certificate
- Proof of income or financial solvency
- Medical certificate
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
- No language test required
- Costa Rica is also a popular destination for expatriates due to its stable government and excellent healthcare system. Other ways to attain citizenship include citizenship by birth, descent, and naturalization after seven years of residency.
20. Ecuador
Time required: 2 years of residency and marriage
Time required: 2 years of residency and marriage Ecuador offers a fast path to citizenship after two years of residency and marriage. The nation is known for its affordability, stunning biodiversity, and mild climate, making it a desired destination for retirees and expatriates looking for a simpler and more relaxed lifestyle.
Therefore, for the application process, this is what will be needed:
- Valid passport
- Birth certificate (translated into Spanish)
- Marriage certificate
- Proof of 2 years of marriage and residency
- Police clearance certificates (Ecuador and home country)
- Proof of financial means or employment
- Proof of cohabitation with your spouse
- No language test required
For those who want to live in Ecuador, there are also options for citizenship by birth and naturalization after three years of residency.
21. United States of America
- Time required: 3 years of marriage and residency
To obtain American citizenship through marriage, the foreign spouse must have been a lawful permanent resident (green card holder) for at least three years and have lived together in marital union with the U.S. citizen spouse.
Additionally, the spouse must have physically lived in the U.S. for at least 18 months (1.5 years) of the three-year residency period. The marriage must last for at least three years before applying for citizenship. It is also crucial for applicants to consult with an immigration attorney, especially regarding specific requirements related to the state or USCIS district in which they apply, as these may vary.
Furthermore, the foreign spouse must also meet other standard naturalization requirements, such as passing an English and civics test and demonstrating good moral character.
These are the supporting documents needed to obtain citizenship through marriage in the U.S.:
- Proof of lawful permanent residence (green card).
- A valid marriage certificate.
- Proof of U.S. citizenship of the spouse (e.g., U.S. passport, birth certificate).
- There is evidence of a genuine marriage, including joint bank accounts, shared bills, tax returns, and property leases or ownership documents.
- Demonstrate good moral character.
- Proof of continuous residence in the U.S., such as utility bills, rental agreements, or employment records.
- Completed Form N-400 (Application for Naturalization).
- Two passport-style photos.
- Filing fee for Form N-400.
America, known for its diverse opportunities, strong economy, and vibrant culture, offers a stable environment for those seeking a better life, making it an attractive destination for many couples. Other ways to become a U.S. citizen include birthright citizenship, naturalization, adoption, and a few U.S. investor visa options.
find out about U.S investor visas
General Application Process of Citizenship by Marriage
Every country has different eligibility requirements and application processes for obtaining citizenship by marriage. However, here is an overview of what the process may look like.
Legal marriage
One essential part of the citizenship eligibility criteria is having a legally valid marriage recognized in the country where you apply for citizenship.
Residency requirements
Most countries require the foreign spouse to have lived in the country for a certain period of time before becoming eligible for citizenship by marriage.
Proof of genuine relationship
To qualify for citizenship by marriage, many countries require proof of a genuine marital union. This includes documents like joint bank accounts, shared property, photos, and statements from family members or the citizen spouse. Applicants must also meet the physical presence requirement and demonstrate continuous residence. Immigration services will verify these details to ensure the marriage is legitimate.
Application submission
The application will also require a few documents for smooth processing. These may include:
- Valid Marriage certificate
- Residency documentation
- Identification documents (passports, IDs)
- Birth certificates
- Proof of integration (language skills, social ties)
- Criminal background checks
Language and cultural tests
In some cases, a foreign country may require applicants to pass a language and cultural test to demonstrate their understanding of the nation’s history, culture, and laws, ensuring smooth integration into society.
For example, immigration laws in Germany, France, Spain, and Portugal mandate passing a language proficiency test. Additionally, applicants may need to complete English and civics tests or similar evaluations, depending on the country’s specific requirements
Background checks
Background checks are a crucial part of the citizenship process, ensuring the foreign spouse has no disqualifying factors, such as certain crimes, outstanding debts, or other legal barriers. This step may also include attending a biometrics appointment to collect fingerprints and verify identity as part of the application process.
Citizenship interview
For many countries, the citizenship interview is mostly about confirming the legitimacy of the marriage, the foreign spouses’ culture and laws, and their overall suitability for citizenship.
Oath of allegiance or naturalization ceremony
For the final step, the applicant may be required to attend a naturalization ceremony and take an oath of allegiance to the country.
Dual citizenship
It is also important to consider whether the country you are applying for citizenship allows dual citizenship. In some cases, you may be allowed to retain your original citizenship while acquiring citizenship by marriage, though this varies depending on the laws of both countries involved.
Benefits of citizenship by Marriage
The above-listed countries have illustrated that obtaining citizenship by marriage is one of the most easily attainable routes to getting a possible second passport, which comes with numerous benefits. It gives you access to each nation’s beautiful landscapes and several more opportunities to help you and your family build a full life.
Here are four significant benefits of citizenship by marriage:
1. Faster path to citizenship
The obvious benefit is how fast some countries can give a foreign spouse citizenship. Many countries have expedited citizenship timelines, often shorter than traditional naturalization processes, which can take many years.
3. Employment opportunities
As a citizen, you gain the right to work freely in your spouse’s country without work permits or visas, opening greater job prospects.
4. Freedom of movement
Depending on the strength of the passport, citizenship may offer visa-free or visa-on-arrival and access to more countries. This is especially true for EU citizenship, which grants free movement across EU member states.
5- Right to own property
Gaining citizenship by marriage may also allow citizens to freely own or purchase real estate, which gives you and your family more security and stability.
Explore Global Citizenship: Key Insights and Options
Navigating the complexities of citizenship, passport acquisition, and immigration can be a daunting task. Whether you're considering a move for business, personal, or security reasons, understanding your options is crucial. At Global Citizen Solutions, we specialize in providing clear, comprehensive guidance in these areas. Our expertly crafted articles offer deep insights and comparisons to help you make informed decisions.
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Exploring Citizenship by Investment: For those interested in acquiring citizenship through investment, our guide on citizenship through investment breaks down the process, benefits, and key considerations, helping you understand how this path might suit your personal and financial goals.
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Comparing Citizenship by Investment Programs: Choosing the right program is vital. Our comprehensive comparison of CBI programs worldwide provides a clear, side-by-side look at what each country offers, aiding you in finding the perfect match for your needs.
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Top Citizenship by Investment Programs: To further assist your decision-making, we've curated a list of the best citizenship by investment programs available. This resource is invaluable for anyone looking to understand which programs offer the most value, security, and benefits.
At Global Citizen Solutions, we're committed to helping you navigate the path to a new citizenship with ease and confidence. Explore our resources to gain a clearer understanding of your options and embark on your journey towards global citizenship.
Frequently Asked Questions about Citizenship by Marriage
Do I need to stay in the country continuously?
Whether you must stay in the country continuously depends on the country’s laws. Some require continuous residency, while others permit temporary absences. However, most countries limit how long you can be outside during the naturalization process.
What happens if the marriage ends?
If the marriage ends before the citizenship process is complete, it could affect your application, depending on the country. Some countries may revoke eligibility or restart the residency requirement, while others allow the process to continue if you’ve already met certain criteria. Always review the specific rules in the country where you’re applying.
Can same-sex marriages apply for citizenship by marriage?
Whether same-sex marriages qualify for citizenship by marriage depends on the country’s laws. In countries legally recognizing same-sex marriages, such couples can apply for citizenship through marriage. However, in countries where same-sex marriages aren’t recognized, this pathway may not be available. Always check the specific laws of the country you’re applying to.
What are the tax implications of citizenship by marriage?
The tax implications of citizenship by marriage vary by country. Some nations may require you to pay taxes on worldwide income once you become a citizen, while others may not. Additionally, you could be subject to double taxation unless there’s a tax treaty in place.
How long must I be married before I can apply for U.S. citizenship?
You must have married your U.S. citizen spouse for at least three years before applying for citizenship through marriage.
Do I need a green card before applying for citizenship?
Yes, you must have been a lawful permanent resident (green card holder) for at least three years before applying for naturalization through marriage.
How much time must I spend in the U.S. to qualify?
You must have lived in the U.S. for at least 18 months (1.5 years) of the three-year residency period with a marriage green card and living with your spouse in a marital union.
Do you need permanent residence to apply for citizenship by marriage?
In most countries worldwide, obtaining citizenship by marriage to a citizen spouse typically requires holding permanent residence or a similar legal status first.
