Full Report: Global Digital Nomad

Who are Digital Nomads?

Digital nomadism refers to the lifestyle of individuals who leverage technology to work remotely from various locations worldwide. This concept has gained significant traction in recent years, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted the feasibility and benefits of remote work. According to Cook, digital nomads can be freelancers, business owners, employees, or even experimental and aspiring nomads who incorporate travel and work seamlessly into their lives.¹Cook, D. (2022). Breaking the contract: Digital nomads and the state. Critique of Anthropology, 42(3), 304-323.

Freelance digital nomads, traditionally considered the stereotypical type, work independently offering skills such as software and web development, marketing, creative, among other tech and communication professionals. This group has been the focus of most pre-pandemic research, with scholars highlighting their roles in knowledge work.²See Cook D (2020) The freedom trap: Digital nomads and the use of disciplining practices to manage work/leisure boundaries. Information Technology and Tourism 22: 355–390; Green P (2020) Disruptions of self, place and mobility: Digital nomads in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Mobilities 15(3): 431–445; Mancinelli F (2020) Digital nomads: Freedom, responsibility and the neoliberal order. Information Technology & Tourism 22: 417–437 and Reichenberger I (2018) Digital nomads: A quest for holistic freedom in work and leisure. Annals of Leisure Research 21(3): 364–380. In contrast, digital nomad business owners operate registered businesses that are more complex, involving employees, contractors, and product inventories. Although the lines between freelancers and business owners are often blurred, business owners represent a smaller (12%)³Nomad List. (2024). State of Digital Nomads. Retrieved from Nomad List, but significant segment within the digital nomad community.

Recent studies have identified other emerging categories of digital nomads. Digital nomad employees, previously underrepresented in research, have gained prominence post-pandemic as companies adopt more flexible work policies. Reports suggest that the number of digital nomads with full-time jobs has increased significantly, driven by a desire for greater work-life balance and flexibility.⁴Nomad List. (2024). State of Digital Nomads. Retrieved from Nomad List Additionally data shows that 40% of this demography are full time employees and 9% full time contractors, with freelancers making only 18% of the total.⁵Nomad List. (2024). State of Digital Nomads. Retrieved from Nomad List

Regardless of whether digital nomads are freelancers, contractors, or employees, technology-related professions significantly dominate this demographic. As illustrated in the chart below, 27% of professionals are employed as web or software developers, and 12% are startup founders, a sector inherently linked to technology and innovation. Furthermore, other professions such as marketing, creative roles, and SaaS incorporate substantial technological components, underscoring the pervasive influence of technology within this population.

Other emerging groups are experimental nomads, who are exploring the digital nomad lifestyle but have not yet established a stable income, often found in coworking spaces and meetups⁶See Cook D (2020) The freedom trap: Digital nomads and the use of disciplining practices to manage work/leisure boundaries. Information Technology and Tourism 22: 355–390 and Hannonen, O. (2020). In search of a digital nomad: Defining the phenomenon. Information Technology & Tourism, 22(3), 335–353. and armchair nomads, individuals who plan to become digital nomads in the future. Estimates indicate there are millions of such aspirants, highlighting the growing mainstream appeal of the digital nomad lifestyle.⁷MBO Partners. (2022). State of Independence: Nomadism Enters the Mainstream. Retrieved from MBO Partners

Typically, the definitions of digital nomads encompass individuals who simultaneously travel and work, possessing the flexibility to select their destinations to blend work and leisure. Generally, these individuals relocate at least three times a year, often leveraging favorable visa and tax schemes to optimize their lifestyles. For most scholars, the critical factor is not whether these travels are domestic or international, but rather the fact that digital nomads operate away from their permanent homes.⁸MBO Partners. (2022). State of Independence: Nomadism Enters the Mainstream. Retrieved from MBO Partners Predominantly, as the chart shows, digital nomads are professionals working in the tech sector, communications, and internet-based industries, where remote work capabilities are well-established and widely accepted.⁹Thompson, B. Y. (2019). The digital nomad lifestyle: (Remote) work/leisure balance, privilege, and constructed community. International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure, 2(1-2), 27-42.   This mobility allows them to enjoy diverse cultural experiences while maintaining their professional responsibilities, embodying a lifestyle that merges productivity with exploration. 

 According to research from Nomad List¹⁰Nomad List. (2024). State of Digital Nomads. Retrieved from Nomad List, the demographics of digital nomads (DNs) show a distinct profile. Gender distribution is notably skewed, with men representing 82% of the digital nomad population. An overwhelming 99% of digital nomads belong to Generation Z or Millennials, highlighting the trend’s popularity among younger generations. Nationally, 45% of digital nomads are from the United States, with only two developing countries—Russia (5%) and Brazil (2%)—making it into the top ten positions (see chart below). Furthermore, 53% of digital nomads identify as not religious.  

Financially, a significant 79% of digital nomads earn more than $50,000 per year, with a small but notable 2% earning over $1 million annually. As millennials and Generation Z are projected to inherit $84 trillion over the next decade, the market for services and products tailored to digital nomads is likely to expand and enhance in quality.¹¹Brooks, R. (2023). Millennials and Gen Z Inheritances to Drive Future Spending. Forbes. Retrieved from Forbes. This significant transfer of wealth will enable these generations to allocate more resources towards the digital nomad lifestyle, driving demand for better infrastructure, advanced technological tools, and more comprehensive travel and accommodation options. Consequently, companies and service providers will have the financial incentive to innovate and cater to this affluent and mobile demographic, further fueling the growth and sophistication of the digital nomad sector.  

Globally, the digital nomad population is diverse, but having a passport from a country with high mobility scores offers a significant advantage (see Global Citizen Solutions Passport Index). These passports often provide visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to a large number of countries, making it easier for digital nomads to travel and work from different locations.  

Digital nomadism primarily benefits individuals from countries in the Global North¹²Thompson, B. Y. (2019). The digital nomad lifestyle: (Remote) work/leisure balance, privilege, and constructed community. International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure, 2(1-2), 27-42 , such as the USA, UK, Canada, Germany, and the Netherlands. According to Nomad List, 63% of digital nomads in 2024 come from these countries, which rank high on the Passport Index of Global Citizens Solutions. These passports facilitate easier international travel and work opportunities. Conversely, individuals from countries with less strong passports often engage in remote work from their home countries for companies based in wealthier nations, thereby accessing better salaries without the same level of mobility.  

In our research, we define digital nomads as individuals who travel internationally and relocate to countries different from their primary residence. We are also interested in the phenomenon of “slomadism”, where people travel and stay in a country for extended periods, often more than a few months¹³Reichenberger, I. (2018). Digital nomads – a quest for holistic freedom in work and leisure. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(3), 364–380; Goto, Z. (2023, January 17). The rise of the digital ‘slomad’: Why travel is shifting down a gear. Roadbook  , and may eventually seek permanent residency or naturalization. Many slomads strategically relocate to countries with more powerful passports than their own. Enhanced mobility is a crucial aspect for those seeking to live in multiple locations around the world. The time they spend abroad allows them to engage in lengthy naturalization processes, ultimately obtaining citizenship in their host countries. This new citizenship can provide broader access to other regions that offer residency benefits to certain nationalities, thereby facilitating further mobility and international living opportunities.  

In any case, nationals from countries with weaker passports are also increasingly viewing the digital nomad lifestyle as a pathway to obtaining a second citizenship. This strategic advantage is driving many digital nomads to include citizenship acquisition in their long-term plans. Enhanced mobility not only simplifies travel but also allows digital nomads to optimize their work and lifestyle choices, making this a highly desirable goal within the community. The ability to live and work in multiple locations without the constant hassle of visa applications or travel restrictions is a compelling reason for this trend. This underscores the importance of flexible residency options and the growing demand for policies that support the global mobility of remote workers. 

Digital Nomadism: from the origins to the post pandemic era

The term “digital nomad” was introduced by Tsugio Makimoto and David Manners in their 1997 book, Digital Nomad.¹⁴Makimoto, T., & Manners, D. (1997). Digital nomad. Wiley They envisioned a future where advances in digital technology would enable people to work from anywhere, untethered from traditional office environments.   Makimoto foresaw that as remote working became more prevalent, nations would find themselves “competing for citizens”, especially high-skilled ones. Additionally, he anticipated that the rise of digital nomadism would result in “a decrease in both materialistic values and nationalist sentiments.” While it’s unrealistic to say that nationalism has dissipated over the last decades, it’s evident that individuals who opt for a nomadic lifestyle and work from various locations tend to have a more flexible perspective on their ties to nation-states. This is particularly noticeable in their attitudes towards financial obligations and the acquisition of alternative nationalities.  

The digital nomadism trend began to materialize in the early 2000s, driven by the internet boom and subsequent advancements in wireless technology.¹⁵Urbaniec, M., Małkowska, A., & Włodarkiewicz-Klimek, H. (2022) The Impact of Technological Developments on Remote Working: Insights from the Polish Managers’ Perspective. Sustainability, 14(1), 552. This newfound connectivity laid the groundwork for the digital nomad lifestyle, allowing workers to break free from the traditional office setting.¹⁶Müller, A. (2016). The digital nomad: Buzzword or research category? Transnational Social Review, 6(3), 344–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/21931674.2016.1229930 and transcend national borders.  

As early as 2000, the Netherlands created a scheme designed for self-employed professionals and contractors to work remotely for companies established outside the country.¹⁷Vreemdelingenwet 2000 [Aliens Act 2000]. (2000). Netherlands. This was the first of such schemes that allowed people to be digital nomads. The Dutch self-employed visa opened the door to a myriad of digital nomad programs, starting a trend that would gain significant traction in the 2020s. This early initiative by the Netherlands set a precedent for other countries to develop similar schemes, recognizing the growing demand for flexible, location-independent work arrangements.  

The global financial crisis of 2008 also played a crucial role in accelerating the adoption of remote work, as companies sought to reduce costs and workers pursued more flexible employment arrangements. Moreover, the crisis highlighted the need for resilience and adaptability in the workforce. Many employees, faced with job insecurity, sought out remote and flexible work opportunities that could offer greater stability.  

However, it was the COVID-19 pandemic that fundamentally transformed the work landscape, expanding the scope for remote work. First and foremost Lockdowns and social distancing measures forced businesses to rapidly adapt to remote work models. Employees who had previously relied on physical office spaces demonstrated their ability to be productive while working remotely, increasing job satisfaction and efficiency.  

According to a report by MBO Partners, between 2020 and 2024, the digital nomad population experienced a significant increase, rising from approximately 10.9 million to 35 million individuals. This 224% growth can be attributed to the widespread adoption of remote work practices, which were accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, surveys indicate that while only 6-7% of the 261 million individuals expressing interest in becoming digital nomads actualized this lifestyle¹⁸MBO Partners. (2022). State of Independence: Nomadism Enters the Mainstream. Retrieved from MBO Partners., the substantial number of new digital nomads still represents a notable demographic shift. This increase underscores the profound impact of technological advancements and changing workplace norms on the global workforce​. 

Statista data reveals that, before the pandemic, only 17% of US employees worked from home five days or more per week.¹⁹Statista. (n.d.). Change in remote work trends after COVID-19 in the United States in 2020. Statista. Retrieved June 25, 2024, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1122987/change-in-remote-work-trends-after-covid-in-usa/ This share increased significantly to 44% during the pandemic.  In contrast, 47% of workers had never worked remotely before the pandemic, highlighting the dramatic shift in work practices.  Thus, sincefrom 2020, most employees performed their roles away from the office, supported by specialized technology that eliminated the need for a daily commute while allowing them to remain connected with colleagues and clients. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research revealed that remote work saved workers about two hours per week in 2021 and 2022, with 40% of that time allocated to work activities²⁰Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2023). The shift to remote work lessens wage-growth pressures (NBER Working Paper No. 30866). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w30866/w30866.pdf, thereby enhancing productivity. Furthermore, remote work is frequently related to increase in productivity, in this regard, Stanford University study found that remote workers were 5% more productive than their in-office counterparts in 2020, with this figure rising to 9% by 2022 as businesses adapted to remote work practices and invested in supportive technology.²¹Stanford Graduate School of Business. (2021). Why working from home will stick. Retrieved from https://www.gsb.stanford.edu

Another significant factor was the increased desire for flexibility and work-life balance. The blurring of lines between work and personal life during lockdowns prompted many individuals to re-evaluate their work styles and priorities. The pandemic underscored the value of flexibility and autonomy in one’s professional life. Digital nomadism emerged as an attractive alternative, allowing individuals to control their work environment and integrate travel into their professional lives, giving rise to the concept of a “workation”, a term that blends two seemingly opposing ideas: work and vacation. Suddenly, people found they could be in their favorite holiday destinations while remaining productive and managing their professional responsibilities.  

Flexibility and autonomy of remote work has also been linked to higher levels of job satisfaction. A study by Tracking Happiness involving 12,455 respondents found that the ability to work remotely increased employee happiness by as much as 20%.²²Tracking Happiness. (2023). Remote work is linked to happiness: Study of 12,455 respondents. Retrieved from https://www.trackinghappiness.com This increase in happiness is particularly significant among Millennials and Gen Zeders, who reported higher job satisfaction when given the flexibility to work remotely.  Additionally, remote workers are showing increased commitment to their team, company, and job. 

The evolution of remote work and digital nomadism is also inextricably linked to technological advancements. High-speed internet, cloud computing, and mobile devices have collectively enabled remote work on an unprecedented scale. Existing communication and collaboration tools such as video conferencing platforms, project management software, and cloud storage solutions became essential for remote teams.²³MBO Partners. (2022). State of Independence: Nomadism Enters the Mainstream. Retrieved from MBO Partners. As Brynjolfsson and McAfee highlight in The Second Machine Age²⁴Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. W.W. Norton & Company., these technologies have transformed the way work is performed, making it possible for individuals to collaborate and communicate across geographies. The pandemic further accelerated the development and adoption of these technologies, improving their accessibility and functionality. As these tools became more sophisticated and user-friendly, they enabled more individuals to work effectively from any location.  

Attracting digital nomads requires significant investment in infrastructure and sustainability from host countries and cities. The demand for shared workspaces has surged post-pandemic, fostering a creative and sustainable work environment where individuals can collaborate while working independently.²⁵Zhou, L., Buhalis, D., Fan, D. X. F., Ladkin, A., & Lian, X. (2024). Attracting digital nomads: Smart destination strategies, innovation and competitiveness. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 31, 100850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100850

Over the past decade, the push for green practices has intensified at both corporate and individual levels, leading to a growing emphasis on sustainable living and working. This shift has fueled the expansion of the sharing economy, particularly the rise of co-working spaces in urban areas.  

In fact, the mid-2000s witnessed a significant rise in coworking spaces and online freelance platforms, which have been pivotal in providing both infrastructure and job opportunities for digital nomads.²⁶Berbegal-Mirabent, J. (2021). What Do We Know about Co-Working Spaces? Trends and Challenges Ahead. Sustainability, 13(3), 1416. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031416

Coworking spaces are defined as collaborative environments that promote innovation and creativity, fostering the idea of “working alone together” promoted by Spinuzzi.²⁷Spinuzzi, C. Working alone together: Coworking as emergent collaborative activity. J. Bus. Tech. Commun. 2012, 26, 399–441. Such spaces also serve as “sanctuaries to work,” providing flexibility and facilities tailored to meet both professional and personal needs, thus maximizing the demographic privileges and hedonistic pleasures of digital nomads.²⁸Thompson, B. Y. (2019). The Digital Nomad Lifestyle: (Remote) Work/Leisure Balance, Privilege, and Constructed Community. International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure, 2(1), 27-45. doi:10.1007/s41978-019-00030-5.

These spaces became especially popular in urban technology hubs and among younger demographics, driven by the increased adoption of flexible work practices and advancements in technology. A study by Work Design Magazine predicts that by 2024, the number of people working from coworking spaces will reach approximately 5 million, marking a 158% increase from 2020 levels.²⁹Coworking Resources. (2020). Global Coworking Growth Study 2020. Retrieved from https://en.coworkingresources.org/hubfs/Coworking/Global-Coworking-Study-2020.pdf This growth demonstrates how digital nomadism has not only boosted the economy but also fostered the emergence of new markets. The coworking industry is projected to generate substantial revenue, with estimates indicating it will grow from $22.44 billion in 2024 to $40.40 billion in 2028.³⁰Coworking Resources. (2020). Global Coworking Growth Study 2020. Retrieved from https://en.coworkingresources.org/hubfs/Coworking/Global-Coworking-Study-2020.pdf This represents a compound annual growth rate of approximately 15.73% over the four-year period.  

Together, these factors—remote work, technological advancements, a desire for flexibility, and economic shifts—propelled many individuals to embrace the digital nomad lifestyle. In the end, the pandemic forced a departure from traditional “9 to 5” office structures, as many workers found they could be equally or more productive working from home or other remote locations. This shift led to a significant increase in the number of digital nomads, with millions embracing a location-independent lifestyle that blends work and travel.  

In sum, to foster the digital nomadism trend, a four-pillar structure involving the private sector, local governments, and state policies must work in unison. From a corporate perspective, companies should facilitate and support the relocation of their employees by providing comprehensive relocation packages and fostering a community environment among workers in the destination countries. Encouraging a sense of community among digital nomads helps ensure they feel supported and connected, which is vital for maintaining productivity and well-being. 

The industry should keep designing a variety of products and services tailored to the unique needs of digital nomads, enhancing their work-life balance, productivity, and overall experience. These include portable Wi-Fi hotspots and remote work software for reliable connectivity, coworking and coliving spaces with high-speed internet and ergonomic amenities, and nomad-friendly housing platforms with flexible leases. Additionally, comprehensive travel insurance, international banking services with low transaction fees, and legal assistance with visas and tax compliance are essential. Health and fitness apps, local experience platforms, and networking tools can help maintain wellness and build community. 

From the local government perspective, leveraging the smart cities framework is essential. Local administrations should enhance their technological infrastructure by promoting shared coliving and coworking spaces with high-speed, affordable internet connectivity. Investments in housing, public transport, and recreational facilities are also crucial. 

Finally, from the state perspective, countries should enact laws that facilitate short- and medium-term immigration and offer beneficial tax regimes for expats. Given that many digital nomads seek pathways to citizenship through various residence permits, states should incorporate these benefits into their digital nomad legislation. Providing clear and accesssible information about these opportunities can further attract digital nomads looking for long-term stability and integration. 

To address global mobility and an uptick in workers considered as entrepreneurs and freelances, many countries introduced nomad visa programs to attract foreign talent, offering various incentives reliable infrastructure, advanced technological ecosystems, preferential tax regimes, and user-friendly visa schemes with substantial benefits, with pathways to residency or citizenship.³¹Marcus, J.S. (2023), COVID-19 and the Shift to Remote Work, Whalley, J., Stocker, V. and Lehr, W. (Ed.) Beyond the Pandemic? Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Telecommunications and the Internet, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 71-102. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80262-049-820231003 We are going to discuss such arrangements in the next section of the Report.

Global Citizen Solutions Digital Nomads Report meticulously compiled data on digital nomadism legislations across 65 jurisdictions, integrating this data with metrics on quality of life, cost of living, tax optimization, and technology and innovation. By employing a data-driven approach, we developed a comprehensive ranking of the best jurisdictions for digital nomads to live and work. We used 12 key indicators, clustered into 5 sub-indexes, which collectively contributed to an overall index and five segmented sub-indexes. These sub-indexes aggregated information on visa costs, visa benefits, tax optimization (program related indicators) and economics and tech and innovation (environment-related indicators).

This structured methodology (see more in the methodology segment of the report) allows for a nuanced analysis, providing a robust framework to evaluate and compare the attractiveness of different jurisdictions and locations for digital nomads. The reliability of our report stems from the rigorous data collection and cross-referencing processes, ensuring that the information is accurate and up to date. Additionally, the originality of our work lies in its comprehensive approach, combining diverse yet relevant indicators to form a holistic view of the best places for digital nomads according to their needs and motivations. By integrating multiple dimensions of what makes a location suitable for digital nomads, our index offers a unique and reliable resource for those seeking optimal destinations that balance work and lifestyle needs effectively.

As Cook rightly observes, “Paradoxically, to live an untethered, borderless life, digital nomads must negotiate tax systems, residency rules, and understand how states conceptualize and enforce worker protections, often managing these negotiations across multiple states.”³²Cook, Dave. “Breaking the Contract: Digital Nomads and the State.” Critique of Anthropology, vol. 42, no. 3, 2022, pp. 304-23, https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X221120172.. This underscores the importance of understanding the comprehensive frameworks that encompass tax, visa, and labor requirements designed by states for digital nomads. For companies and individuals aspiring to adopt this lifestyle, having a thorough knowledge of these frameworks is crucial to navigate the complexities and ensure compliance across different jurisdictions. In this sense, the Global Digital Nomad Report is an essential tool for companies, individuals, and the industry to stay informed and effectively manage the challenges and opportunities associated with digital nomadism.

Data shows that out of the total 65 entities counted across all regions that offer Digital Nomads visas or similar schemes, Europe accounts for 23, which represents approximately 35.38% of the total. In comparison, the Americas account for 25 entities, making up 38.46% of the total. The remaining regions, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, contribute significantly less, with 11 (16.92%), 5 (7.69%), and 1 (1.54%) entities respectively.

There was a significant increase in the creation of digital nomad programs following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Before 2020, the introduction of such schemes was sporadic, with only a few programs being launched each year. However, in 2020, there was a dramatic surge with 16 new programs, a trend that continued with another 16 programs in 2022 and 13 in 2021.

Regarding the timeline of digital nomad schemes adoption, 91% of such programs were launched after the onset of the pandemic, with 25% being adopted in 2020 (see numbers in the chart below), underscoring how the shift to remote work and the increased demand for flexibility spurred the development of digital nomad visas.

Europe and the Americas have made significant strides in creating favorable conditions for this demography, with the highest counts of entities which offer digital nomads’ schemes nowadays. Specifically, Europe has been particularly active in implementing or adapting legislation to establish a friendly environment for digital nomads, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic. The necessity to attract highly skilled workers to address shortages in the European labor marke³³ Eurostat. (2024). Ageing Europe – statistics on population developments. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Ageing_Europe_ _statistics_on_population_developments#Older_people_.E2.80.94_population_overview  has been a primary driver for countries to adopt digital nomad schemes. Notably, Europe hosts nine of the best digital nomad schemes and remains the top destination for quality of life and visa benefits. This includes the possibility of acquiring a second citizenship from a European country, enhancing mobility and enabling a freer and more flexible nomadic lifestyle.

Europe

European countries dominate the rankings for the best jurisdictions for digital nomads to live and work, occupying nine out of the top ten spots. This dominance is particularly evident in Spain, which is in the top ten in all five sub-indexes and leads the overall ranking. The Spanish Start Up Law (nomad visa scheme)³⁴Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. (2022). Royal Decree 993/2022, of November 29, approving the Regulation of the Food Chain Inspection System. Official State Gazette, 293, 48694-48741. https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2022-21739, implemented in 2023, performs exceptionally well in key program indicators such as visa costs and visa benefits. The time spent in the country under the Start Up Law counts directly towards obtaining citizenship. While Spanish citizenship typically requires ten years of permanent residence, this requirement is significantly reduced for nationals from Ibero-American countries and the Philippines, who only need twoyears of permanent residence to qualify for citizenship. Additionally, Spain ranks high in tax optimization, as the Beckham Law³⁵Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. (2005). Law 2/2005, of May 27, amending Law 15/2001, of July 5, on Land and Urban Planning. Official State Gazette, 129, 19961-19964. https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2005-9875 imposes a flat 24% tax on income sourced within the country and zero tax on foreign-earned income. Economically, Spain is one of the most affordable countries in Western Europe. Coupled with its high-speed internet, this makes Spain an excellent environment for tech and innovation, further solidifying its top position for digital nomads. Portugal also performs exceptionally well, particularly in the quality of life and economics sub-indexes. It stands out as the most affordable country in Western Europe, with English widely spoken throughout the nation. The time spent in Portugal under D8 visa counts towards accessing permanent residency, providing a pathway to citizenship.

The Digital Nomad Madeira program³⁶Startup Madeira. (n.d.). Digital Nomad Madeira. Retrieved July 9, 2024, from https://digitalnomads.startupmadeira.eu, launched in February 2021 by the Regional Government of Madeira in collaboration with Startup Madeira, aims to attract remote workers to the Madeira and Porto Santo islands. This innovative initiative established the first “Digital Nomad Village” in Ponta do Sol, offering digital nomads a supportive environment complete with coworking spaces and community events. The program provides digital nomads with essential amenities such as high-speed internet and modern coworking facilities, ensuring a productive work environment while allowing them to enjoy the island’s stunning landscapes and mild climate. Since its inception, the Digital Nomad Madeira program has welcomed over 10,000 digital nomads, significantly boosting the local economy and positioning Madeira as a leading destination for remote work.

Norway, Germany, and the Netherlands share several common strengths and challenges as top destinations. All three countries excel in quality of life, with robust healthcare, education, and social services systems underscoring their high living standards. They also boast strong digital infrastructures, which are crucial for remote work such as high internet speed. Additionally, each country provides significant visa benefits, including pathways to permanent residence, which is particularly attractive to digital nomads seeking long-term stability. This means that the time an individual spends in the country as a digital nomad counts towards their permanent residence application. Additionally, Germany has recently amended its law³⁷The Federal Government of Germany. (2023). Modernisation of citizenship law. Retrieved from https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/modernisation-citizenship-law-2254382 to reduce the residency requirement for citizenship from eight to five years in many cases and three years in cases of special integration achievements, making it easier for digital nomads to gain citizenship access. However, these countries also face similar challenges, primarily related to high living costs. The cost of living scores for Norway, Germany, and the Netherlands, indicate that while these nations offer excellent living conditions, they come at a premium. Despite these high costs, their strong quality of life and tech infrastructures make them highly attractive for digital nomads.

Eastern European countries offering digital nomad schemes represent under appreciated opportunities within Europe and the Schengen area. Notably, Estonia and Romania rank 4^th and 5^th respectively among the best countries for digital nomads to relocate to. These nations have made substantial investments in technology and innovation, resulting in top-tier infrastructure for high-speed internet.

In addition to Romania, other Eastern European countries such as Hungary (ranked 9th), Czechia (ranked 13th) and Latvia (ranked 14th) provide exceptional schemes for digital nomads. Hungary and Czechia are particularly distinguished, being among the top ten most favored countries by digital nomads according to the Nomad List³⁸Nomad List. (2023). Best Places for Digital Nomads. Retrieved from https://nomadlist.com.

These countries offer significant advantages including free movement across Europe, lower costs of living compared to Western Europe, and the potential to gain permanent residency through their digital nomad programs. Such benefits render Eastern Europe a highly attractive and practical option for digital nomads aiming to optimize their balance between work, travel, and living expenses.

Among the various digital nomad visa schemes offered within the European Union, Spain, Czechia, and the Netherlands stand out for providing a direct pathway to citizenship by accounting for the time spent on a digital nomad visa. In most EU countries, the time accrued under a digital nomad visa typically counts towards eligibility for permanent residency, which can eventually lead to citizenship. This provision is particularly advantageous for digital nomads who seek second citizenship in countries with stronger passports, thereby enhancing their global mobility and access. Consequently, the policies of these European jurisdictions present significant benefits for digital nomads looking to establish long-term residency and citizenship in more favorable locations.

The Americas

The Americas account for most of the countries that offer digital nomad visas or similar schemes. Canada (10^th), Ecuador (22^nd) and Brazil(25^th) are the top ranked countries in the Americas in the Global Digital Nomad Index, with Ecuador ranking 1st in the Economics sub-index and 7^th in the Visa Benefits category, offering a direct path to citizenship and possibility of extension of the visa.

Regarding visa application costs, the fees vary significantly depending on the country. For instance, in Uruguay, the visa application fee is approximately $10, making it one of the most affordable options. In contrast, the application fees in Anguilla and Barbados can reach up to $2,000. Additionally, the income requirements for visa eligibility also vary widely. Some countries, such as Peru, Uruguay, and Puerto Rico, do not mandate proof of income for visa applicants. Conversely, in the Cayman Islands, applicants must demonstrate an annual income of $100,000 to qualify for a visa (see chart below). In some cases, the guidelines only specify that the applicant must prove they have sufficient income to live in the country, without detailing a specific amount. This requirement often depends on the cost of living in the given country, which can vary greatly.

The Caribbean region introduced digital nomad visas to attract remote workers amidst the pandemic. Remarkably, 50% of the countries that introduced their digital nomad schemes in 2020 were Caribbean nations, eager to attract remote workers as tourism was heavily restricted. Countries such as Barbados, Bermuda, and Antigua and Barbuda saw the opportunity to boost their economies by inviting digital nomads to live and work from their picturesque locales. The new visa programs offered incentives such as extended stays, typically up to a year, with options for renewal. These initiatives were designed to attract professionals who could work remotely, thereby injecting much-needed revenue into local economies without taking jobs from residents.

To market these programs, Caribbean nations highlighted their low COVID-19 case numbers and effective pandemic management, presenting the islands as safe havens free from the widespread outbreaks seen in other parts of the world. Promotional campaigns emphasized the idyllic lifestyle and high-quality internet infrastructure available in these destinations. For example, Barbados’s “Welcome Stamp” program³⁹Visit Barbados. (n.d.). Barbados Welcome Stamp. Retrieved July 1, 2024, from https://www.visitbarbados.org/barbados-welcome-stamp was advertised with images of pristine beaches and promises of a stress-free work environment away from the chaos of urban pandemic hotspots. This strategy successfully drew the attention of remote workers seeking both safety and an improved quality of life during uncertain times, providing a much-needed boost to local economies severely impacted by the downturn in tourism.

Although Caribbean countries rank high on quality-of-life sub-index, visa costs and income requirements for digital nomads are among the highest of the 65 schemes analyzed. The high entry costs and income thresholds of Caribbean digital nomad visa schemes position these programs in an upscale market, targeting high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs) who seek to work and live in an environment offering both luxury and convenience. These schemes are designed to attract individuals who have significant financial resources and are not burdened by financial constraints. Nevertheless, these countries score exceptionally well in terms of tax optimization. All Caribbean nations analyzed offer zero tax on foreign-sourced income for digital nomads, making these programs highly attractive for remote workers employed by companies based abroad.

Asia

Taiwan, ranked 12^th in the Global Digital Nomad Index, is the top-ranked Asian country for digital nomads to live and work. In 2018, even before the pandemic, Taiwan introduced the Employment Gold Card⁴⁰Nomad List. (2023). Best Places for Digital Nomads. Retrieved from https://nomadlist.com, a visa specifically designed to benefit digital nomads. This card combines a work permit, residence permit, and re-entry permit into a single document, allowing foreign professionals to live and work in Taiwan for up to threeyears. The Gold Card is particularly appealing due to its straightforward application process and the fact that it does not require a local sponsor. However, it does not provide a pathway to permanent residence or citizenship, so individuals wishing to stay longer than three years will need to apply for a different type of visa. Additionally, the scheme is restricted to certain professions, generally related to technology.

In contrast, Japan offers Skilled Professional Visa⁴¹Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (n.d.). Overview of the Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) Program. Retrieved July 1, 2024, from https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/ca/fna/ssw/us/overview/ which can lead to permanent residency, though they typically require a local sponsor and involve a more complex application process. Japan, ranked 16^th in the Global Digital Nomad Index, excels in tech and innovation (6^th), quality of life (7^th), and offers a high standard of living despite a higher cost of living (18^th).

Although not specifically a digital nomad visa, it allows remote workers to stay for up to six months and the visa can be extended. South Korea is renowned for its ultra-fast internet speeds and advanced technological infrastructure. The country offers a dynamic urban environment, particularly in cities like Seoul and Busan. However, the cost of living is relatively high, but it is justified by the quality of life, excellent healthcare, and extensive public transportation systems.

In South and Southeast Asian countries like Thailand and Indonesia’s Bali, as well as Sri Lanka, and popular enclaves in India, such as Goa, have also launched digital nomad visas, attracting significant interest from remote workers worldwide. These destinations offer unique cultural experiences, picturesque environments, and a lower cost of living compared to many Western countries. However, while they provide appealing visa options, there are concerns related to internet speed and visa costs. In some areas, the internet infrastructure may not be as robust as in more developed countries, potentially impacting the productivity of digital nomads who rely heavily on fast and reliable connectivity. Additionally, while visa costs are generally lower than those in places like Dubai and Abu Dhabi, the varying requirements and fees can still pose a challenge for some applicants.

Middle east

Dubai and Abu Dhabi, in the UAE have both introduced digital nomad visa schemes designed to attract remote workers and capitalize on their advanced infrastructure, high quality of life, and strategic location. These programs, ranking 21^st and 26^th respectively in the Global Digital Nomad Index, provide significant benefits to digital nomads. Dubai’s Remote Work Visa⁴²Visit Dubai. (n.d.). Work Remotely from Dubai. Retrieved July 1, 2024, from https://www.visitdubai.com/en/invest-in-dubai/live-and-work/visas-and-entry/work-remotely-from-dubai, launched in March 2021, allows professionals to live and work in the city for one year, with the possibility of renewal. Abu Dhabi’s Virtual Working Program⁴³Abu Dhabi Residents Office. (n.d.). Remote Work Visa. Retrieved July 1, 2024, from https://adro.gov.ae/en/Visas/Types-of-Visas/Abu-Dhabi-Non-Working-Visa/Remote-Work-Visa offers similar provisions, making both cities highly appealing for remote workers seeking a vibrant and cosmopolitan environment.

Both Dubai and Abu Dhabi perform exceptionally well in the tech and innovation sub-index, ranking 9^th and 10^th respectively. This high ranking reflects their significant investments in ultra-fast internet and state-of-the-art co-working spaces. These cities provide an environment conducive to remote work, supported by a strong technological backbone that ensures great connectivity and productivity. Additionally, both cities rank well in the quality-of-life sub-index, with Dubai at 13^th and Abu Dhabi at 14^th, offering excellent healthcare, education, and recreational facilities that enhance the living experience for digital nomads.

In a recent interview, experts highlighted the thriving entrepreneurial landscape in Dubai, noting that 98% of the 67,000 new companies launched in the city last year were startups led by entrepreneurs. This surge in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) showcases Dubai’s business-friendly environment and its appeal to young entrepreneurs⁴⁴Starner, R. (2024, May). Digital nomads find a home in Dubai: Emirate’s initiative to attract tech workers pays dividends. Site Selection. https://siteselection.com/onlineInsider/digital-nomads-find-a-home-in-dubai.cfm. The Dubai Chamber of Digital Economy reported attracting over 500 tech-talented digital nomads in the past year, who are drawn to the city’s modern amenities and luxurious lifestyle⁴⁵Dubai Department of Economy & Tourism. (n.d.). Work remotely from Dubai. Visit Dubai. Retrieved July 4, 2024, from https://www.visitdubai.com/en/invest-in-dubai/live-and-work/visas-and-entry/work-remotely-from-dubai. Key sectors like fintech and 3D printing are also increasingly interested in Dubai, reflecting the city’s dynamic and supportive ecosystem for innovation and business growth.

This entrepreneurial boom aligns with Dubai’s strategic introduction of the digital nomad visa in 2021, which has further bolstered its appeal to remote workers and tech professionals. Dubai’s initiative to train one million coders and its robust support for tech startups have tripled the number of tech relocations in 2023 compared to the previous year⁴⁶ Starner, R. (2024, May). Digital nomads find a home in Dubai: Emirate’s initiative to attract tech workers pays dividends. Site Selection. https://siteselection.com/onlineInsider/digital-nomads-find-a-home-in-dubai.cfm. This, combined with a significant rise in international visitors and a growing demand for sustainable office spaces, underscores Dubai’s successful efforts in expanding its digital economy and establishing itself as a premier destination for digital nomads and entrepreneurs.

Despite these advantages, the high costs associated with the digital nomad visas in Dubai and Abu Dhabi present a challenge. The application process requires substantial income proof, with a minimum salary requirement of $5,000 per month for Dubai’s Remote Work Visa. These financial thresholds, combined with high living costs, make these destinations less accessible for some digital nomads. Consequently, Dubai and Abu Dhabi do not perform as well in the visa costs sub-index, reflecting the financial barriers to entry that can deter potential applicants. This financial threshold makes these destinations accessible mainly to high-earning remote workers who can afford the premium lifestyle these cosmopolitan hubs offer.

Oceania

Australia’s high quality of life, advanced infrastructure, and vibrant cities to create an ideal environment for digital nomads. The visa scheme offers several benefits, including the ability to live and work in Australia for an extended period, access to high-speed internet, and a robust support system for expatriates.

The digital nomad visa in Australia is tailored to accommodate professionals across various industries, particularly those in tech and creative sectors. Applicants are required to demonstrate a stable income and provide evidence of remote employment or freelance contracts. While the cost of living in Australia can be relatively high, the country compensates with exceptional healthcare, education, and a diverse cultural scene. Moreover, Australia’s natural beauty, ranging from pristine beaches to rugged outback landscapes, provides a unique backdrop for a balanced work-life experience.

Despite its advantages, Australia’s digital nomad visa scheme faces some challenges. The high cost of living, particularly in major cities like Sydney and Melbourne, can be a deterrent for some digital nomads. Additionally, the visa application process, while straightforward, requires careful preparation and documentation to meet the income and employment criteria. Nonetheless, Australia’s overall appeal as a safe, welcoming, and dynamic destination makes it a competitive option for digital nomads seeking a comprehensive and enriching remote work environment.

Europe

Europe has made significant efforts to attract digital nomads by focusing on infrastructure, technology hubs, and innovation. Countries like Romania, in Eastern Europe, have implemented frameworks specifically designed to welcome digital nomads. Romania offers a digital nomad visa program that leverages the country’s strong tech infrastructure, high-speed internet, and affordable living costs to attract remote workers. Additionally, Spain and Portugal have implemented legislation aimed at attracting high-skilled professionals by facilitating work permits and offering preferential tax regimes.

Many European countries also provide a path to citizenship, enhancing mobility by allowing digital nomads to acquire a nationality with a strong passport. These initiatives are complemented by Europe’s overall reputation for safety, stable governance, and a rich cultural environment, making it an attractive destination for digital nomads seeking to relocate.

However, challenges remain, including navigating varying tax regimes, visa regulations across different countries, and ensuring that the influx of digital nomads benefits local communities without driving up living costs.

Recommendations:

• Implement digital nomad visa schemes that offer a clear path to permanent residency and citizenship and provide incentives for digital nomads to transition to long-term residents, thereby bolstering the workforce. For instance, Spain’s Start Up Law allows time spent on a nomad visa to count towards citizenship.
• Offer favorable tax conditions for digital nomads, similar to Spain’s Beckham Law, and Portugal’s NHR schemes which impose a flat tax rate on income and do not impose taxes in foreign earned income for a period of time.
• Foster communities and networking opportunities for digital nomads through coworking spaces, coliving hubs, events, and online platforms.
• Efficient and affordable public transportation systems, integrated with smart technology for easy navigation and payment, can make cities more accessible and attractive. For example, Madrid’s smart public transport system offers real-time updates and seamless payment options.
• Implementing free or affordable public Wi-Fi hotspots throughout the city, as seen in cities like Barcelona, can significantly enhance connectivity for digital nomads.
• Create programs that help digital nomads integrate into local cultures and communities, enhancing their overall experience.
• Eastern European countries like Romania have successfully invested in high-speed internet and tech infrastructure. Continued investment in these areas will attract more digital nomads.
• Promote Eastern European countries as prime destinations for digital nomads through international marketing campaigns that highlight their affordable cost of living, stunning natural landscapes, and rich cultural heritage.
• Develop and promote innovation hubs and tech parks to create a conducive environment for startups and tech companies.

Americas

 The Americas have made significant efforts to attract digital nomads by focusing on affordable living costs and investing in tech and innovation environments. Countries like Ecuador, Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia offer appealing digital nomad programs, leveraging their vibrant cultures and affordable lifestyles. However, challenges regarding security in big cities and political instability remain relevant in these countries, potentially deterring some remote workers. In the Caribbean region, while the lifestyle is highly attractive, there is a need to offer more affordable packages to target a larger number of digital nomads. Additionally, tech infrastructure in these regions should be better addressed to improve connectivity and internet speed, ensuring that remote workers have reliable and high-quality internet access. These enhancements, coupled with the natural beauty and cultural richness of the Americas, could make the region a top destination for digital nomads.

Recommendations:

• Focus on improving public safety and reducing crime rates in Latin American countries. Implement community policing, increase law enforcement presence, and use technology like surveillance cameras and AI for predictive policing to create a safer environment for digital nomads.
• Invest in technology infrastructure to ensure high-speed internet and reliable connectivity. Prioritize the development of smart cities with integrated technology solutions for efficient public services, transportation, and utilities, making urban areas more appealing to remote workers.
• Promote English language education through public and private initiatives. Offer language courses, incentivize schools to improve their English programs, and provide language learning resources to enhance communication with international remote workers.
• Develop digital nomad visas that offer clear paths to permanent residency or citizenship. Learn from Ecuador’s successful model, which provides straightforward visa extensions and citizenship pathways.
• In Caribbean nations, reduce the income thresholds for digital nomad visas based on the applicant’s skills and potential contributions to the local economy. Tailor requirements to attract a diverse range of talented individuals.
• Implement favorable tax conditions for digital nomads, such as zero tax on foreign-sourced income. Promote these benefits to make the region more attractive to remote workers looking for tax-efficient destinations.
• Prioritize upgrading internet infrastructure, particularly in rural and underserved areas. Partner with tech companies to expand broadband access and enhance internet reliability.
• Develop smart city projects that incorporate IoT (Internet of Things) devices, smart grids, and data analytics to improve urban living conditions. These initiatives can include smart traffic management, energy-efficient buildings, and responsive public services.
• Create coworking spaces and digital nomad communities to provide support networks and facilitate professional connections. Host events, workshops, and networking sessions to engage remote workers.
• Establish programs that encourage cultural exchange and integration. These can include language exchange meetups, cultural festivals, and orientation sessions for newcomers.

Asia 

Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea are increasingly popular destinations for digital nomads due to their advanced technological infrastructure, high quality of life, and robust economic environments. However, to attract more digital nomads, these countries should consider extending the duration of stay permitted under their digital nomad visa programs and offering a clear pathway to permanent residency. This would provide greater stability and long-term prospects for digital nomads, making these countries more appealing.

In South and Southeast Asia, countries such as India and Indonesia have established enclaves that cater specifically to digital nomads, providing a desirable combination of work and leisure environments. Despite these efforts, there is a need for significant investment in technology and innovation to enhance the attractiveness of these regions further. Improving English proficiency is also crucial, as it would facilitate better communication and integration for international digital nomads.

Additionally, addressing security and stability concerns is essential for attracting digital nomads to these regions. Countries like Thailand and Indonesia need to implement measures to enhance safety and political stability to provide a secure environment for digital nomads.

Recommendations:

• Addressing security issues is crucial for countries with high crime rates to ensure the safety of digital nomads. In countries such as Thailand, governments should enhance law enforcement by increasing the presence and effectiveness of police forces in urban and high-tourist areas.
• Enhancing English language education can facilitate better communication and integration for international digital nomads.  Providing incentives for individuals to learn English, such as subsidized classes or rewards for achieving proficiency levels, can encourage more people to learn the language. Ensuring that public servants, especially those in essential services like healthcare and immigration, have a good command of English will help assist foreign residents effectively and enhance their experience in the country.
• Investing in high-speed internet and smart city frameworks is vital to support the needs of remote workers. Sri Lanka and Indonesia should prioritize broadband expansion, particularly in rural and underserved areas, ensuring reliable and fast connectivity. Developing smart city initiatives that integrate IoT devices, smart grids, and data analytics can improve urban living conditions and services, making cities more attractive to digital nomads. Establishing and promoting tech hubs and innovation centers will also foster a supportive environment for startups and remote work, positioning these countries as ideal destinations for digital nomads.
• Providing clear pathways to permanent residency or citizenship can attract long-term digital nomads. Japan and South Korea should develop programs that allow digital nomads to transition from temporary visas to permanent residency based on criteria such as length of stay and economic contribution. Introducing incentives for digital nomads who invest in local businesses or real estate, such as accelerated paths to residency or citizenship, will also encourage more remote workers to settle long-term.

Middle East

Dubai and Abu Dhabi have established themselves as premier destinations for affluent digital nomads by leveraging their advanced infrastructure, high quality of life, and strategic geographic locations. Both cities have introduced digital nomad visa schemes—Dubai’s Remote Work Visa and Abu Dhabi’s Virtual Working Program—designed to attract remote workers. These programs provide significant benefits, such as the ability to live and work in these cosmopolitan environments for up to one year, with the possibility of renewal. Dubai and Abu Dhabi also rank highly in the tech and innovation sub-index, reflecting their substantial investments in ultra-fast internet and state-of-the-art co-working spaces. Additionally, the high quality of life, excellent healthcare, education, and recreational facilities make these cities attractive to remote workers.

Recommendations:

• To attract a broader range of digital nomads, Dubai and Abu Dhabi could consider reducing the financial thresholds associated with their digital nomad visas. Currently, the high minimum salary requirement, such as Dubai’s $5,000 per month, limits accessibility for many skilled workers. Implementing flexible pricing models that adjust visa fees based on the applicant’s income could make these destinations more inclusive.
• Dubai and Abu Dhabi could extend the duration of visas beyond the current one-year limit and provide clear, straightforward renewal processes. Introducing pathways to permanent residency or citizenship for digital nomads who meet certain criteria, such as duration of stay and economic contributions, would offer greater long-term stability.
• While Dubai and Abu Dhabi are renowned for their luxurious lifestyles, attracting a more diverse pool of highly skilled workers necessitate offering more affordable living packages. These packages could include reasonably priced housing, coworking space memberships, and public transportation passes.
• Dubai and Abu Dhabi should establish dedicated support networks and services, including coworking spaces, networking events, and integration programs similar to other regions of the world. Promoting cultural exchange initiatives that help digital nomads engage with local communities and experience the local culture will enhance their overall experience.

Oceania

Australia boasts a high quality of life, advanced infrastructure, and vibrant cities, making it an ideal environment for digital nomads. The country’s digital nomad visa scheme offers several benefits, including the ability to live and work in Australia for an extended period, access to high-speed internet, and a robust support system for expatriates. The visa is tailored to accommodate professionals across various industries, particularly those in tech and creative sectors. While the cost of living can be high, Australia compensates with exceptional healthcare, education, and a diverse cultural scene.

Recommendations:

• Emphasizing access to world-class medical care, high-quality educational institutions for nomads with families, and diverse leisure activities can make Australia even more appealing. Additionally, expanding amenities such as modern coworking spaces and cultural centers in both urban and regional areas will enrich the living experience for digital nomads.
• Introducing clear pathways to permanent residency and citizenship can significantly enhance the appeal of Australia’s digital nomad visa. Digital nomads who meet specific criteria, such as economic contributions, length of stay, or skillsets in high-demand industries, should be provided with straightforward and transparent routes to permanent residency.
• High income requirements can be a barrier for many potential digital nomads. To address this, Australia could lower the financial requirements for visa applications, making the process more inclusive. By lowering the minimum income threshold, Australia can attract a broader range of digital nomads, including younger professionals and freelancers who may not yet earn high salaries but possess valuable skills and innovation potential.

Our Global Digital Nomad Report has meticulously analyzed 65 jurisdictions to determine the best countries for digital nomads to live and work. This ranking was constructed by aggregating 12 indicators into 5 sub-indexes, identifying the top destinations for digital nomads. The trend of digital nomadism has significantly accelerated since the pandemic due to the widespread adoption of remote work. Despite the lifting of pandemic restrictions, many companies and states have continued to recognize the benefits of remote work, making this lifestyle increasingly viable.

In response to this growing trend, numerous countries have introduced digital nomad schemes. This development aligns with Makimoto’s prediction that countries would begin to compete for high-skilled workers, especially in regions like Europe, where nations are feeling the pressure of aging populations. The digital nomad trend has generated over $1 billion since 2020 and has seen a substantial increase in the number of workers and related businesses, including those in leisure, coworking spaces, hospitality, and technological innovation tools for communication.

Our guide clearly demonstrates that Europe stands out as the best continent for digital nomads, with 9 out of the top 10 countries for relocation being European nations. European countries excel across all sub-indexes, including visa benefits, quality of life, and technological innovation. Particularly noteworthy are the southern hotspots like Spain, Portugal, and Malta, as well as tech-savvy nations such as the Netherlands and Norway. These countries offer a compelling mix of favorable policies, high living standards, and advanced technological infrastructure, making them ideal destinations for digital nomads. Notably, Eastern European countries like Romania, Hungary, Latvia, and Estonia have made significant investments in technology and innovation to attract digital nomads. These countries offer an attractive mix of advanced infrastructure, supportive policies, and vibrant tech ecosystems. Combined with a low cost of living, a rich cultural scene, and lush natural landscapes, these locales are prime destinations for digital nomads.

The Americas have also invested in improving technology and innovation, but issues related to security and political stability might deter nomads from some South American countries. However, Ecuador and Brazil are well-positioned as attractive destinations, as is Uruguay, which ranks higher in security and integration. Canada is the only non-European country in the top ten ranking. While the climate and cost of living might turn away some sun lovers, the general quality of life is good, and the technology infrastructure is excellent. The Caribbean region adopted nomad visas targeting affluent digital nomads during the pandemic, but to continue attracting high-skilled professionals, these countries must reassess income requirements and visa application costs. Additionally, improvements in technology and innovation, particularly regarding internet infrastructure, are necessary.

In Asia, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea are well-ranked for their quality of life and innovation. However, these countries could enhance their performance in the visa benefits category by implementing more favorable regulations for digital nomads, particularly concerning access to permanent residence and naturalization. All three countries rank highly in the Global Passport Index, and digital nomads would be attracted by the possibility of acquiring a second citizenship from them. Other countries in Asia and Africa face challenges related to security and instability, which may reduce their appeal. Despite these issues, the low cost of living and excellent weather in these regions remain significant attractions for digital nomads. These areas offer a unique combination of affordability and favorable climates, making them appealing despite potential challenges.

Africa, in particular, is investing in building a reliable internet infrastructure to attract more high-skilled professionals. Namibia, for instance, ranks exceptionally well in economic factors and visa costs, but it should focus more on enhancing its tech and innovation sectors to become more competitive in attracting digital nomads.

Countries looking to attract more digital nomads should consider implementing favorable visa policies, improving technological infrastructure, and ensuring a safe and stable environment. By doing so, they can position themselves as desirable destinations for this growing demographic of remote workers.