Artur Saraiva Countries around the world offer foreign nationals the chance to become permanent residents and get a second passport through various means, including descent, naturalization, marriage, investment and more.
Dual or second citizenship is a legal status in which an individual is legally recognized as a citizen in two countries at the same time. This means the person has rights and responsibilities to each of the countries for which they hold passports.
This guide will take you through everything you need to know about acquiring additional citizenship, including:
What is Second Citizenship?
Second citizenship (also known as dual citizenship) is when an individual legally holds citizenship in two countries simultaneously.
It allows individuals to hold passports from both nations, granting them the rights and privileges of citizenship in each.
The Global Intelligence Unit’s report, “The Transformation of Citizenship” has seen perception shift. Second citizenship used to only be seen as tied to political allegiance and now is recognized as a strategic asset.
It offers people, especially high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs), greater international mobility, access to better economic opportunities and a safety net in times of uncertainty.
What Are the Benefits of Second Citizenship?
Once your dual citizenship is official, it comes with many benefits. Especially since you get the same or similar rights as an “original” citizen. These benefits include:
- Increased Global Mobility: A second passport can significantly expand your travel options. It allows you to visit, work and even live in more countries without the need for a visa, which simplifies business and leisure.
- Access to Education and Healthcare: Second citizenship can grant you access to top-quality healthcare systems and educational institutions. This has the potential to improve your quality of life and offer better opportunities for you and your family.
- Family Benefits: When you obtain second citizenship through investment, it often extends to immediate family members. This grants them the same benefits, including freedom of travel, the right to live and work in the country, and access to education and healthcare.
- Diversification of Business Opportunities: Gain access to business opportunities in a new country and international markets. It offers the ability to expand your assets and wealth, get more investment opportunities and potential tax benefits.
- Property Ownership: With dual citizenship, you have the right to own and rent property in both countries.
- Enhanced Safety and Security: When political instability or economic hardship happens in your country of origin, second citizenship provides a safety net for you and your family.
- Right to Vote: As a second citizen, you can vote in elections as well as hold governmental positions.
How Can I Acquire Second Citizenship?
There are six common ways to acquire dual citizenship and the one you choose will depend on your unique circumstances and objectives:
1. Citizenship by Birth
If you were born in a foreign country that grants citizenship by “jus soli” (right of soil), you may hold a claim to acquire citizenship based on simply being born in the country. Typically, nations that practice jus soli automatically grant citizenship automatically to any child born within their territory.
Citizenship by birth is offered either restricted or unrestricted. When there’s no restrictions on citizenship by birth, it means there are no conditions on the parents’ legal status so the child can become a citizen even if the parents are foreign nationals or undocumented at the time of birth.
Restricted citizenship by birth, on the other hand, means certain conditions must be met, generally related to the parents’ nationality, residency status, or legal immigration status.
2. Citizenship by Descent
Citizenship by descent is commonly known as “jus sanguinis” (right of blood), whereby an individual is granted citizenship or has the right to claim citizenship through a blood relative who holds citizenship in the country. The acquisition of second citizenship is based on familial connection rather than place of birth.
These are some of the general conditions of the countries that offer Citizenship by Descent:
- Direct line of descent: Most countries require a direct connection, such as a parent or grandparent, to claim citizenship.
- Unbroken line of citizenship: If an ancestor renounced their citizenship, this may invalidate the claim.
- Proof of ancestry: Applicants must provide birth certificates, marriage records, and other documents proving their connection to the country.
- Residence and language requirements: Some countries, like Hungary, may require language knowledge or proof of ties to the government (e.g., cultural connections).
Popular countries that offer Citizenship by Descent include:
- Italy
- Ireland
- Poland
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Portugal
- Spain
3. Citizenship by Marriage
Citizenship by marriage refers automatically gaining citizenship in a country by marrying someone who is already a citizen. It has similar conditions to naturalization as there’s often specific requirements that need to be met and a period of residency.
It is often a more streamlined pathway to dual citizenship as the residency period may be reduced and there are often no language proficiency requirements. This makes it a common and attractive option to pursue.
These are some of the countries with the shortest residency period for citizenship by marriage:
- Dominican Republic: Six months
- Brazil: One year
- Spain: One year
- Argentina: Two years
- Portugal: Three years
- Germany: Three years
4. Citizenship by Naturalization
Citizenship by naturalization refers to the legal process a person who is not born in a country can acquire citizenship. It involves the person fulfilling specific requirements.
It often entails obtaining a residence permit to transition to permanent resident status before applying for citizenship after completing the required period of residency. It also may come with a language proficiency test or the need to display knowledge of local culture and history.
Keeping those requirements in mind, these are some of the countries with the shortest naturalization periods:
- Argentina Two years
- Peru: Two years
- Paraguay: Three years
- Belgium: Five years
- Sweden: Five years
- Portugal: Five years
5. Citizenship by Exception
Citizenship by Exception is the process of acquiring accelerated citizenship at the discretion of a head of state or ruling government body.
There are no concrete guidelines for obtaining or awarding this type of fast-track citizenship; however, the decision usually revolves around making substantial contributions to the country’s development, be it economic, educational, or cultural.
Two great examples include:
- United Arab Emirates: The UAE Executive Regulation of the Federal Law concerning Nationality and Passports introduced new criteria for granting citizenship based on exceptional merit. Experienced individuals in fields such as scientific research, the arts, and medical care may be offered UAE citizenship at the discretion of royal UAE authorities.
- Serbia: The Republic of Serbia has a discretionary program that may grant Serbian citizenship by exception to individuals deemed to have contributed significantly to Serbian society. Considerations can include contributions to education, business, or the possession of substantial assets in the Republic.
6. Citizenship by Investment
A few countries have introduced economic citizenship programs worldwide that allow foreign investors who contribute to their economies to receive a second passport by investment.
These initiatives typically involve significant financial investments, such as real estate purchases, job creation, or contributions to specific economic sectors.
For instance, the Antigua and Barbuda citizenship by investment program is one of the most affordable dual citizenship programs, with a minimum contribution to the country’s National Development Fund (NDF) of $230,000.
Vanuatu’s citizenship by investment program stands out because it grants citizenship within 60 days to foreign nationals who contribute $130,000 to the country’s government fund.
13 Countries With the Best Second Citizenship Programs
If you were born abroad or hold no familial ties to a country, getting a second passport can be done through one of the best citizenship by investment programs (CBI).
Most CBI programs offer a direct path to citizenship by investment; however, some provide an expedited naturalization process, allowing investors to reduce the naturalization period required to obtain a second passport.
These are some of the countries with the best and best residency by investment programs:
1. Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda is an inviting Caribbean destination with beautiful beaches, a strong tourism sector, and a reputation for providing financial privacy. The Antigua and Barbuda Citizenship by Investment program allows visa-free access to over 150 countries and offers a straightforward path to citizenship.
Investment options include:
- $230,000 donation to the National Development Fund
- $300,000 real estate investment
- $1.5 million business investment
2. St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Kitts and Nevis is one of the most established CBI programs. It is known for its strong passport, stable government, and calming island lifestyle. The St. Kitts and Nevis CBI program grants visa-free access to over 150 countries, including key European and Asian nations, making it a great choice for global mobility.
Investment options include:
- $250,000 contribution to the Sustainable Growth Fund
- $400,000 real estate investment
- $250,000 public benefit investment (infrastructure projects)
3. Dominica
Dominica is an eco-friendly destination known for its lush rainforests, hiking trails, and hot springs. Dominica’s Citizenship by Investment program is one of the most affordable, offering an easy route to citizenship while providing access to over 140 countries visa-free, making it perfect for nature lovers and investors looking for a second home.
Investment options include:
- $200,000 donation to the Economic Diversification Fund
- $200,000 real estate investment
4. Grenada
Grenada stands out for its warm climate and proximity to the U.S., along with the unique ability to apply for an E-2 visa to the U.S. Grenada’s Citizenship by Investment program also offers visa-free travel to over 140 countries and is a great fit for those interested in expanding their travel options or business ventures.
Investment options include:
- $235,000 donation to the National Transformation Fund
- $270,000 real estate investment (in shares)
- $350,000 (as a sole owner)
5. Malta
Malta is a Mediterranean gem offering a rich history, vibrant culture, and EU citizenship, making it one of the most desirable CBI programs in Europe. As an EU member state, Malta’s Citizenship by Investment program provides visa-free travel to over 180 countries, including the entire European Union, making it the strongest passport (especially in comparison to popular Caribbean options).
Investment options include:
- €600,000 donation to the National Development and Social Fund
- after 36 months of residency (€750,000 after 12 months of residency)
- €700,000 real estate investment
6. St. Lucia
St. Lucia offers a serene lifestyle with access to stunning beaches, luxury resorts, and a vibrant community. St. Lucia’s CBI program is relatively new but has quickly gained popularity due to its affordable investment options and visa-free access to over 140 countries.
Investment options include:
- $240,000 donation to the National Economic Fund
- $300,000 real estate investment
- $300,000 government bond investment
7. Vanuatu
Vanuatu offers a relaxed island lifestyle with beautiful landscapes, pristine beaches, and a welcoming atmosphere. The Vanuatu Citizenship by Investment program is one of the fastest in the world, making it highly attractive for investors seeking quick access to visa-free travel to over 130 countries, including the UK and Schengen Area.
Investment options include:
- $130,000 donation to the Vanuatu Development Support Program
- $180,000 contribution for a family of four
With so many Caribbean CBI programs available, we have a Caribbean citizenship by investment comparison guide that will help you understand the various investment routes, requirements, and timeframes for citizenship.
Caribbean citizenship or European citizenship, which is right for you?
8. Portugal
Portugal is an attractive destination for citizens looking for a peaceful yet vibrant place to call home. The country’s appeal lies in a combination of attributes — pleasant weather, captivating landscapes, sun-soaked beaches, and a short naturalization process.
The Portugal Golden Visa program creates a pathway to European citizenship after five years of residency. The visa has many investment options that take you to permanent residence or Portuguese citizenship such as:
- The creation of at least ten jobs.
- €500,000 toward research activities by scientific institutions integrated into the national scientific and technological system.
- €250,000 toward artistic production, recovery, or maintenance of national cultural heritage.
- €500,000 in establishing a new company or the share capital of existing companies, alongside job creation.
- €500,000 contribution to Portuguese investment funds.
9. Spain
You can also consider Spain’s Golden Visa program. After completing the program and maintaining your investment of €500,000 and permanent residency in the nation for ten years, you can get Spanish nationality. Other investment options include:
- Investing at least €500,000 in Spanish real estate.
- A Business Investment of €1 million that generates employment contributes to technological or scientific innovation or has a significant socio-economic impact.
- Investing at least €1 million in Spanish company shares, bank deposits, or investment funds.
- Investing at least €2 million in Spanish public debt securities.
Spain offers fast-track naturalization to only citizens of Ibero-American countries, the Philippines, Andorra, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal, and France. Citizens of these countries can acquire citizenship after two years of residency, in addition to the right to keep their original citizenship.
10. Greece
Greece is an ideal destination for those seeking to live in a historically rich country with access to the EU. The Greece Golden Visa program doesn’t offer immediate citizenship but provides residency with the possibility of applying for citizenship after seven years, making it a great option for long-term investors seeking to gain EU residency.
Investment options include:
- €250,000 minimum real estate investment
- €500,000 investment in government bonds
- €800,000 in Greek corporate shares or bonds
11. Serbia
Serbia offers a practical gateway to European living for investors looking to establish roots in a dynamic and developing nation. While it does not provide immediate citizenship, Serbia’s residency by investment program grants the right to live in Serbia with the potential to apply for dual citizenship after three years of continuous residency.
Investment options include purchasing the following types of real estate:
- Apartment
- Residential building
- Business premises and business buildings if they perform business activities in Serbia.
With its strategic location, vibrant culture, and competitive cost of living, Serbia is an excellent choice for investors who want to build a life in Europe.
12. Latvia
Latvia’s Golden Visa program is a flexible route to residency in the EU, offering investors access to the Schengen Area. While immediate citizenship is not available, investors can apply for Latvian citizenship after five years of residency.
Investment options include:
- Minimum investment of €250,000 in property.
- Invest €50,000 in a capital company with fewer than 50 employees.
- Deposit a minimum of €280,000 in a Latvian bank for at least five years.
- Purchase government bonds for a minimum of €250,000.
Latvia’s affordable cost of living and rapidly growing economy make it an attractive option for investors who want EU access without excessive financial commitment.
13. Hungary
Hungary’s Golden Visa program offers an affordable and efficient way to gain access to the European lifestyle. Though citizenship is only possible after six years of residency, the program allows investors and their families to enjoy visa-free access to the Schengen Zone from the start.
Investment options include:
- Invest €250,000 in a state-approved fund focused on Hungarian real estate.
- Invest €500,000 in residential property (available from January 1, 2025). The property must be held for at least five years without resale during this period.
- Donate €1 million (non-refundable) to a Hungarian higher education institution.
With its central location, excellent healthcare, and vibrant cities like Budapest, Hungary is affordable and offers high living standards, making it a top choice for investors looking for dual citizenship.
Golden Visa: Invest in Worldwide Residency and Citizenship
How Can Global Citizen Solutions Help You?
Global Citizen Solutions is a boutique migration consultancy firm with years of experience delivering bespoke residence and citizenship by investment solutions for international families. With offices worldwide and an experienced, hands-on team, we have helped hundreds of clients worldwide acquire citizenship, residence visas, or homes while diversifying their portfolios with robust investments.
We guide you from start to finish, taking you beyond your citizenship or residency by investment application.
Frequently Asked Questions about Second Citizenship
What is second citizenship?
How does second citizenship differ from dual citizenship?
What are the benefits of having a dual citizenship?
- Greater global mobility through visa-free travel
- Access to better education opportunities and healthcare facilities
- Diversification of financial and business opportunities
- Personal security
What are the risks of obtaining a second citizenship?
How do I apply for a dual citizenship?
The process of obtaining dual citizenship varies from country to country and depends on whether you do so through naturalization, descent, marriage or investment.
It may require meeting residency requirements, passing naturalization tests, providing proof of ancestry or making minimum financial contributions.
How much does it cost to get second citizenship?
If you’re going the Citizenship through Investment route, can vary from $130,000 in the Oceanic country of Vanuatu to as high as $6.2 million in Malta. Fees for other routes, like marriage and naturalization, will also vary so look at your intended country’s regulations.
What’s the easiest way to get a secondary passport?
The easiest way to get a dual citizenship is to be born in the respective country, where you are automatically granted citizenship.
Another easy way is to indirectly buy a passport by making a financial investment or donation.
What are the best second citizenship countries?
The best countries for second citizenship include Malta, St. Kitts and Nevis, Portugal, and Dominica.
This is because of fast processing times, visa-on-arrival and visa-free travel to many countries, and variety of investment opportunities.
Which second citizenship programs do not require residency?
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Dominica
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Grenada
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Saint Lucia
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St. Kitts and Nevis
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Antigua and Barbuda
Which second citizenship programs are best for business owners?
There are many countries that could be good options for businesspeople seeking second citizenship but Dominica is one of the top because of:
- Visa-free travel to more than 145 countries.
- The ability to open companies and bank accounts in all 145 above countries.
- The ability to enter China without a visa – one of the few countries that allow this.
- Lowest tax rates in the world with zero foreign trade and wealth taxes.
Can dual citizenship expire?
No, it cannot because citizenship is a permanent status that stays with an individual for life.
However, if you gain citizenship through an investment program, you must abide by the program’s requirements to keep your citizenship status intact.
Does the United States allow dual citizenship?
Does the United Kingdom allow dual citizenship?
Which countries offer citizenship in three years?
The following countries offer citizenship in three years:
- Peru: two-year naturalization period
- Paraguay: three years of residency prior to the citizenship process.
- Malta: takes between one to three years, depending on the type of investment made through their Citizenship by Investment program
How long does it take to acquire a second citizenship?
The time to acquire second citizenship varies by country and method. It can take as little as a few months and as long as decades in stricter countries like Qatar, Liechtenstein, and Austria.
Can I pass my second citizenship to my children?
Which countries prohibit or do not recognize second citizenship?
The following countries either do not recognize second citizenship or require the individual to revoke their citizenship before getting another:
- China
- Japan
- Malaysia
- Singapore
- Azerbaijan
- Andorra
- Bahamas
- Belarus
- Botswana
- Bhutan
- Myanmar
- Oman
- Suriname
- Cuba
What are the tax implications of a second citizenship?
Second citizenship can potentially bring with it double taxation, meaning the individual is taxed on the same income twice.
However, some countries often form bilateral tax treaties or agreements to mitigate this. These may include provisions for tax credits or exemptions to prevent or reduce double taxation.
