Spain Dual Citizenship: A Comprehensive Guide

Spain, with its rich cultural heritage, beautiful landscapes, and vibrant lifestyle, offers a compelling opportunity for dual citizenship. As a member of the European Union (EU) and a country with historical ties to many Latin American nations, Spain’s dual citizenship policies provide numerous benefits.

This guide will explore everything you need to know about obtaining Spanish dual citizenship, including its advantages, requirements, eligibility criteria, and the detailed application process.

About Spanish Dual Citizenship

Spanish Dual Citizenship allows individuals to have Spanish citizenship and another country simultaneously. This status enables you to enjoy the rights and privileges associated with Spanish nationality while retaining your original citizenship.

It’s important to note that only people coming from Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, or Portugal can get dual citizenship.

Spain’s approach to dual citizenship is shaped by its legal framework, including the Spanish Civil Code, and various international agreements that facilitate dual nationality with specific countries.

The concept of dual citizenship in Spain is designed to accommodate individuals who have strong ties to Spain, whether through ancestry, residence, or other significant connections. Spanish law permits dual nationality primarily with countries that have reciprocal agreements or where dual citizenship is legally permissible.

This flexibility reflects Spain’s commitment to maintaining cultural and historical connections with other nations while adapting to modern global mobility.

Does Spain allow dual citizenship?

Spain allows dual citizenship with countries that have reciprocal agreements or where dual citizenship is legally recognized. For instance, Spain has agreements with several Latin American countries, such as Argentina, Chile, and Mexico, which facilitate dual nationality.

These agreements reflect Spain’s historical and cultural ties with these nations and make the process of obtaining dual citizenship more straightforward for their citizens.

5 Benefits of Spanish Dual Citizenship

1. Freedom of movement

One of the most appealing benefits of obtaining Spanish citizenship is the freedom of movement it provides. As a Spanish citizen, you gain access to the European Union (EU), which allows for visa-free travel across 29 member states. For certain countries, you still need to obtain a visa, either on arrival or by submitting paperwork a couple of months prior to your arrival.

This free movement is invaluable for those who are Spanish citizens and wish to explore Europe, conduct business, or live in multiple EU countries. The Schengen Area, which includes most European countries, facilitates free movement for those who obtain Spanish citizenship without the need for border checks, making European travel more convenient and accessible.

If you obtain Spanish nationality is particularly beneficial for non-EU citizens who previously couldn’t travel freely between Schengen countries.

2. Access to public services

Spanish dual citizenship provides extensive benefits, particularly in accessing public services. As a dual citizen, you gain full access to Spain’s renowned universal healthcare system, offering free or heavily subsidized medical care, including specialist treatments.

Additionally, dual citizens have the right to vote in local, national, and European elections, participate in referendums, and even run for public office, enabling active civic engagement.

You also qualify for social security benefits like unemployment assistance, pensions, and welfare programs, ensuring financial security during challenging times. Moreover, dual citizenship provides robust legal protections under Spanish law, offering the same rights as any Spanish citizen in areas such as employment, property ownership, and family law. This combination of benefits ensures a high quality of life and a secure, stable future.

3. Educational opportunities

Spanish citizenship also opens doors to a range of educational benefits. As a Spanish national, you can access higher education institutions in Spain and the EU at lower tuition rates compared to non-citizens.

Dual citizens can then have substantial savings on education costs and provide access to some of Europe’s top universities and academic programs. Additionally, those who acquired Spanish citizenship can enhance their academic and professional prospects by allowing them to study and work across the EU with fewer restrictions.

4. Tax advantages

While Spain has its own tax regulations, dual citizens can often take advantage of tax treaties that Spain has established with other countries. These treaties are designed to prevent double taxation, ensuring that income earned in one country isn’t taxed again in another.

For dual citizens, this means a more favorable tax situation, where you may only need to pay taxes on income once, either in Spain or in your other country of citizenship, depending on the specific terms of the treaty.

Additionally, as a Spanish citizen, you may be eligible for various tax benefits and deductions that are available exclusively to residents. These can include deductions for home purchases, investments in Spanish businesses, pension contributions, and certain personal expenses.

Such advantages can significantly optimize your financial planning, reducing your overall tax burden and allowing you to maximize your income and savings within the framework of Spain’s tax system.

5. Cultural and social integration

Obtaining Spanish dual citizenship facilitates deeper cultural and social integration into Spanish society. Additionally, you can benefit from the social services and rights available to Spanish nationals.

This integration can enhance your personal and professional connections within Spain and the broader EU community, enriching your overall experience as a Spanish citizen. After you obtain dual citizenship, you can acquire a Spanish passport. It’s highly recommended you start learning Spanish language as soon as possible since it’s an official language in Spain.

How to get Spain Dual Citizenship

Spain’s requirements for obtaining dual citizenship vary depending on several factors, including your current nationality, residency status, and the method through which you are applying.

Here’s a comprehensive look at the key requirements to become a Spanish citizen:

By legal residency

For those applying for Spanish citizenship through naturalization, one of the primary requirements is legal residency. Generally, you must have resided in Spain for ten years to be eligible for Spanish nationality.

This residency requirement ensures that applicants have a strong connection to Spain and are well-integrated into Spanish society.

However, the residency period may be reduced for certain individuals, such as refugees (five years) or citizens of Ibero-American countries (Spanish-speaking countries), Andorra, the Philippines, or Equatorial Guinea (two years).

By descent and ancestry

If you have Spanish parents or grandparents, you may be eligible for Spanish citizenship through descent. This option is available to those who can prove their Spanish lineage, often referred to as the “grandchildren law.” This is one of the easiest ways to become a dual citizen.

This law allows descendants of Spanish nationals to acquire citizenship if they meet specific criteria and can provide sufficient documentation of their ancestry.

Sephardic Jews can also qualify for dual citizenship in Spain.

By special circumstances

Spain may also grant citizenship under special circumstances to individuals who have made significant contributions to Spanish society or have unique ties to Spain. This could include serving in the Spanish military or making notable cultural or professional contributions.

The Spanish government evaluates these cases individually, considering the impact and relevance of the individual’s contributions to Spain.

List of all Countries with Dual Citizenship Agreements with Spain

Here’s the list of all countries from which you can apply for Spanish citizenship:

• Argentina
• France
• Uruguay
• Costa Rica
• Peru
• El Salvador
• Andorra
• Guatemala
• Honduras
• Bolivia
• Ecuador
• Panama
• Paraguay
• The Dominican Republic
• Mexico
• Nicaragua
• Venezuela
• Chile
• Colombia
• Andorra
• the Philippines
• Equatorial Guinea
• Portugal

Application Process for Spanish Dual Citizenship

The application process for Spanish dual citizenship involves several steps, from gathering documentation to submitting forms and attending interviews. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you navigate the process of obtaining Spanish citizenship:

1. Determine eligibility

Before applying, confirm that you meet the eligibility criteria for obtaining Spanish dual citizenship based on your residency, descent, or other relevant factors. Understanding your eligibility will help you prepare the necessary documentation and ensure that you meet all the requirements to apply for Spanish citizenship.

2. Gather required documents

Collect all necessary documents to support your application for Spanish citizenship. The documents you need to apply for Spanish citizenship are proof of identity (such as a valid passport), proof of legal residence in Spain, birth certificates, and any documents related to your Spanish ancestry through a Spanish parent or other Spanish connections or previously granted citizenship.

Ensure that all documents are translated into Spanish and legalized if required. Having all the required documentation in order is crucial for a smooth application process for Spanish citizenship.

3. Submit your application

File your citizenship application with the Civil Registry office in Spain or through the Spanish consulate if applying from abroad. Submit all required forms and documentation along with your application. It’s important to ensure that your application is complete and accurate to avoid delays or rejections.

4. Attend interviews

In some cases, you may be required to attend an interview or provide additional information to support your application and get dual nationality.

This is often part of the naturalization process and may involve demonstrating your integration into Spanish society, such as Spanish language proficiency, language skills, or participation in Spanish culture.

5. Wait for processing

After submitting your application, it will be reviewed by the Spanish authorities. The processing time for obtaining Spanish citizenship applications can vary, and you may need to wait several months for a decision.

During this period, you may be asked to provide additional information or attend further interviews. Once your application is approved, you may be required to take an oath of allegiance to Spain.

Required Documents for Spanish Dual Citizenship

To apply for Spanish dual citizenship, you will need to provide a range of documents to support your application.

Here’s a detailed list of commonly required documentation to get Spanish nationality:

1. Proof of identity

A valid passport or national identity card is required to verify your identity and nationality. This document confirms your personal details and citizenship status.

2. A Foreigner Identity Number (NIE)

A Foreigner Identity Number (NIE, Número de Identidad de Extranjero) is a crucial identification number for non-Spanish residents in Spain. Issued by the Spanish authorities, the NIE is required for a wide range of activities, including opening a bank account, signing a rental contract, paying taxes, and registering with social security.

3. Proof of residence

Documentation showing your legal residence in Spain is necessary for those applying for Spanish nationality based on residency. This can include utility bills, rental agreements, or residence permits that demonstrate your legal status and length of stay in Spain.

4. Census certificate

A census certificate in Spain, known as the “certificado de empadronamiento,” is an official document that proves your registration in the local municipal census, or “padrón.” This certificate is essential for accessing various public services, such as healthcare, schooling, and social benefits.

It is also required for administrative procedures, including obtaining a residence permit, enrolling in certain programs, and applying for Spanish citizenship. The census certificate verifies your address and confirms your residency status within a specific municipality.

5. Birth certificate

A certified copy of your birth certificate is required to establish your identity and lineage to get Spanish nationality. If it isn’t in Spanish, it must be translated into Spanish and legalized.

6. Proof of ancestry (if applicable)

If you are applying for citizenship through descent, you will need to provide documents proving your Spanish ancestry. This may include birth certificates, marriage certificates, and other relevant records of your Spanish relatives.

7. Criminal record certificate

A certificate from your country of origin and any other countries where you have resided is required to show that you have no criminal record. This document ensures that you meet the moral and legal standards for Spanish nationality.

8. Proof of renunciation (if applicable)

When applying for dual citizenship in Spain, one of the legal requirements for many applicants is providing proof of renunciation of their previous nationality. Spain generally requires that new citizens renounce their original citizenship, although there are exceptions for citizens of certain Latin American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, and Portugal, who are allowed to retain dual citizenship.

The renunciation process involves formally declaring before Spanish authorities that you are giving up your previous nationality, which is typically documented through an official statement or certificate from the consulate of your home country.

9. Language proficiency proof  (if applicable)

Evidence of your integration into Spanish society may be required, such as a Spanish language proficiency certificate. The certificate that you need is DELE A2 Spanish language test. The DELE A2 Spanish language test assesses basic language proficiency, focusing on everyday communication skills.

10. Cultural knowledge proof (if applicable)

The Certification of passing the CCSE (Conocimientos Constitucionales y Socioculturales de España) exam is a key requirement for individuals seeking Spanish citizenship. This exam evaluates your knowledge of Spain’s constitution, legal system, government structure, and cultural norms, as well as aspects of daily life in Spanish society.

Passing the CCSE demonstrates that you have a sufficient understanding of the country’s civic and cultural framework, ensuring that new citizens are well-integrated and familiar with their rights and responsibilities. The certification is a crucial step in the naturalization process, reflecting a commitment to becoming an informed and engaged member of Spanish society.

11. Proof of payment of application for obtaining Spanish Citizenship

The cost of applying for Spanish citizenship will be anywhere between €60 and €105. Keep the proof of payment for the application for Spanish citizenship at hand.

The Cost of Spanish Dual Citizenship

The cost of obtaining Spanish dual citizenship can vary depending on several factors, including application fees, legal assistance, and document preparation.

Here’s a breakdown of typical expenses associated with the dual nationality process:

• Application fees: The fees for submitting a Spanish citizenship application generally range from €60 to €105, depending on the specific route and year of application. These fees cover the administrative costs of processing your application. The exact amount may vary based on the specific requirements of your application and the Civil Registry office handling your case.
• Legal and translation services: If you require legal assistance or document translation services for Spanish citizenship, these costs can add up. Legal fees for expert immigration lawyers who help people get Spanish nationality may range from €500 to €2,000, depending on the complexity of your case and the services provided. Translation and legalization of documents also incur additional expenses.
• Document preparation: Costs associated with obtaining and legalizing documents, such as birth certificates and criminal record checks, may also apply. These expenses that help you obtain dual nationality can vary depending on the country of issuance and the need for official translations.
• Additional costs: There may be additional costs for attending interviews, obtaining certificates, or other administrative processes related to your citizenship application. These costs should be factored into your overall budget for obtaining Spanish citizenship.

How Long Does the Spanish Dual Citizenship Process Last?

The duration of obtaining Spanish citizenship process can vary based on several factors, including the type of citizenship you are applying for and the current workload of the Spanish authorities.

Here’s a general timeline to expect when you attempt to obtain Spanish dual citizenship:

1. Application Processing: The processing time for Spanish citizenship applications typically ranges from 6 to 12 months. This timeframe can be affected by the complexity of your application, the completeness of your documentation, and the efficiency of the processing office. If additional information or documents are required, this may extend the processing time for obtaining Spanish nationality.
2. Naturalization: For those applying for citizenship in Spain through naturalization, the process can take between one to two years. This includes the time required for meeting the residency requirement, submitting documentation, and undergoing the application review process. The timeline may vary based on individual circumstances and the workload of the relevant authorities.
3. Ancestry-based applications: Applications based on Spanish descent or ancestry may be processed more quickly, often within six to 12 months. This is due to the straightforward nature of proving lineage and the streamlined process for applicants with Spanish ancestry. The processing time of citizenship in Spain may still vary depending on the completeness of your documentation and the efficiency of the Civil Registry office.

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Frequently Asked Questions About Dual Citizenship in Spain

Is Spain going to allow dual citizenship?

Dual citizenship in Spain is already available, and if you meet the requirements for dual nationality, you can obtain it. So, as long as you are coming from Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, or Portugal you can get dual citizenship in Spain.

Does the US allow dual citizenship with Spain?

Yes, the US allows dual citizenship with Spain. Spain has a dual citizenship agreement with the US. That means if you have citizenship in Spain, you can qualify for American citizenship, and vice versa.

But, the situation is a bit more complex than that. When a U.S. citizen naturalizes in Spain, they are generally required to renounce their U.S. citizenship. This is because the United States does not recognize the renunciation of citizenship upon acquiring a new nationality, and Spain’s laws typically require foreign nationals to renounce their previous citizenship unless they are from specific countries that have dual citizenship agreements with Spain.

Can I get Spanish citizenship in two years?

Yes, you can obtain Spanish citizenship in as little as two years if you are from an Ibero-American country, including Latin American country, the Philippines, Andorra, or Equatorial Guinea, due to specific agreements with Spain.

This expedited process applies to those who have legally resided in Spain for two years and meet other eligibility criteria.

For other applicants, such as those without Ibero-American connections, the standard residency requirement is ten years.

The application involves proving legal residence, identity, and sometimes language proficiency, with processing times generally ranging from 6 to 12 months after submission.

Who qualifies for dual citizenship in Spain?

To qualify for dual citizenship in Spain you typically need to meet one of the following criteria: reside in Spain for ten years (or two years for Ibero-American nationals), prove Spanish descent, or have special circumstances such as significant contributions to Spanish society.

Each path requires specific documentation and compliance with Spanish nationality laws, including language proficiency and legal residency.