Taxes play a crucial role in funding public services and infrastructure, contributing to the overall functioning of Spain’s economy. Whether you are a tax resident or a non-resident, it is crucial to understand the Spanish tax system to fulfill your obligations and take advantage of available deductions.

This guide will navigate the tax legislation in Spain and explore the various aspects of taxes paid in the country, including income tax, property tax, savings income tax, capital gains tax, corporate tax, VAT, inheritance tax, gift tax, and wealth tax.

Who has to pay taxes in Spain?

Taxes for Residents in Spain

social security contributions dividend income business income obtained pay tax revenue marginal tax rate spanish law

As a tax resident of Spain, you are subject to tax on your worldwide income. The income tax for individuals is called Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas. It is a progressive tax system, meaning the tax rates increase with higher income levels. You will fall into different wealth tax rates and brackets based on your income to determine your tax liability.

If you live in Spain, you must file a Spanish income tax return. You may also be required to pay Spanish income tax on your overseas earnings if:

  • Your annual salary at work exceeds €22,000
  • You are self-employed in Spain or run your own business activities, you earn more than €1,000 per year in rental income, and you have more than €1,600 in capital gains and savings each year
  • It is your first year in Spain claiming tax residence

In Spain, taxable income is a core part of the tax system and it’s the amount left over after deductions for social security, pension, personal allowance, and professional expenses. It is important to note that deductions, allowances, and exemptions are available to reduce the taxable base.

Tax resident in Spain must disclose certain assets and rights outside the country by submitting a Form 720 to the tax authorities. This form, also known as Modello 720, must be filed to report the following:

  • Accounts: Individuals must declare accounts in which they are the account holder or have authority as a representative, authorized person, or beneficiary. This includes accounts in which they have disposal powers.
  • Securities and insurance: Rights related to securities, such as stock options and bonds, as well as insurance policies and life or temporary annuities, must be reported.
  • Real estate: Ownership or rights over real estate outside of Spain should be disclosed in Form 720.

Assets or rights valued at less than €50,000 are exempt from reporting. However, individuals under the Special Tax Regime are not required to submit Form 720 for tax purposes. Remember, compliance with Form 720 is mandatory for regular tax residents in Spain to ensure transparency and accurate reporting of overseas assets.

Taxes for Non-Residents in Spain

You are a non-resident if you have lived in Spain for less than 183 days. Non-residents in Spain are generally taxed only on their Spanish-sourced income. Here are some pointers about non-resident taxation in Spain:

  • The tax rate for non-resident individuals varies depending on the income earned, such as rental income, capital gains, or dividends.
  • Non-resident individuals are subject to Non-Resident Income Tax (Impuesto sobre la Renta de No Residentes – IRNR).
  • The tax rate for rental income earned by non-resident individuals is generally 24 percent.
  • Non-residents may also be subject to a withholding tax on certain types of income, such as dividends or interest.
  • Non-residents who are tax residents in a country with a Double Taxation Agreement (DTA) with Spain may benefit from reduced tax rates or exemptions.
  • Foreign non-residents must obtain a Non-Resident Identification Number (Número de Identificación de Extranjeros – NIE) to fulfill their obligations.
  • Non-resident property owners are subject to a flat tax rate of 19 percent on rental income derived from Spanish properties.

What is DTA?

A Double Taxation Agreement (DTA) is a bilateral agreement between two countries to eliminate or reduce the taxation of income for individuals and companies. These tax treaty agreements clarify which country has the right to tax specific types of income, preventing taxpayers from paying taxes on the same income in both countries. If your country has a DTA with Spain, it is essential to understand its provisions and how they affect your obligations.

How to Register to Pay Taxes in Spain

You must register with the Spanish tax authorities to fulfill your tax obligations in Spain. As a tax resident, you will obtain a Tax Identification Number (Número de Identificación Fiscal – NIF) by registering at the nearest Tax Agency office. You have to make an appointment with a Tax Agency office prior to your visit.

Foreign non-residents can obtain a Non-Resident Identification Number (Número de Identificación de Extranjeros – NIE) by applying at the local Foreigners’ Office (Oficina de Extranjería).

To register your duty to pay Spanish tax for the first time, fill out Form 30 (“Modelo 30“). You will also need this form to update your information. English-language directions are also available on Form 30 to assist you in filling out the form.

How Much Are the Taxes in Spain?

In Spain, the taxation system can vary based on various factors such as gross income, business income, and interest income.

This includes Spanish property taxes for both tax residents and Spanish property taxes for non-residents. Payroll taxes and social security contributions are also a part of the Spanish tax system.

Here’s a general overview of tax rates and types of tax payable in Spain:

  • Employment income tax: For tax residents, income tax rates are progressive, ranging from about 19% to 47%. Non-residents are usually taxed at a flat rate of 24% on income earned in Spain.
  • Corporate tax: The standard corporate tax rate is 25%.
  • Value-Added Tax (VAT): The standard VAT rate is 21%, with lowered rates of 10% and 4% for certain goods and services.
  • Property tax: This varies by location and property value but generally ranges from 0.4% to 1.1% of the property’s cadastral value annually.
  • Wealth tax: Applicable in some regions, it typically ranges from 0.2% to 2.5% of the value of certain assets.
  • Capital gains tax: Ranges from 19% to 26% depending on the gain amount.
  • Inheritance tax: Varies greatly depending on the relationship to the deceased and the amount inherited, and can be very high in some regions.

You should bear in mind that Spain has different tax regions, and some, like the Basque Country and Navarre, have their own tax system.

Additionally, tax treaties and specific personal circumstances can affect how you pay tax rates and liabilities.

Income tax for Spanish residents

If you are considered a tax resident of Spain the following income tax rates apply:

  • Income up to €12,450: 19% tax rate
  • Income from €12,451-€20,200: 24% tax rate
  • Income from €20,201-€35,200: 30% tax rate
  • Income from €35,201-€60,000: 37% tax rate
  • Income from €60,000-€300,000: 45% tax rate
  • Income tax for over €300,000: 47% tax rate

Special Taxes for Foreigners Working on an Assignment

A special tax regime is available in Spain for foreign individuals who come to work in the country under an employment agreement with a Spanish company. Commonly referred to as the Beckham Law, named after the renowned footballer, this pay income tax regime offers specific tax benefits. Here are the key points:

  • The applicable tax rate is 24 percent for income up to €600,000, and a higher rate of 45 percent is applied to amounts exceeding €600,000.
  • Capital gains tax on interest earned outside of Spain is not payable under this regime.
  • To qualify for this regime, certain conditions must be met, including being a Spanish tax resident (spending more than 183 days a year in Spain) and not having been a resident in Spain within the minimum period of the last five years.
  • At least 85 percent of your work duties must be carried out within Spain.
  • The maximum annual income eligible for this regime is €600,000.

Filing Tax Returns in Spain

interest income social security personal income tax savings taxable income tax liability payroll taxes stock optionsIn the first year of becoming a tax resident in Spain, it is mandatory for everyone to file a personal income tax return. However, after the initial tax year only, certain conditions determine whether an individual must file a tax return. Here are the key points:

  • If your income from all sources is below €8,000 and your bank interest or investment income is less than €1,600, you are not required to file a tax return.
  • Similarly, if your rental income is below €1,000 or your employment income is below €22,000, you are exempt from filing a tax return. This is because your employer would have already deducted your Spanish income tax rates in such cases.

If you need to file a tax return, use “Modelo 100,” the specific form for income tax declaration in Spain.

Tax Deductions and Allowances

In Spain, the tax system for individuals includes various personal allowances and deductions, which can reduce the taxable income and thus the tax liability. The treatment of savings income and foreign pensions, such as those from the UK, is relevant for expatriates living in Spain or those with financial interests across both countries.

Personal allowances

Spain offers personal allowances that reduce the amount of income subject to tax. These can include:

  • General Personal Allowance: For the tax year 2021, this was set at €5,550 for taxpayers under 65 years of age.
  • Additional Allowances: Additional allowances are available for taxpayers aged 65 and over (€6,700) and those aged 75 and over (€8,100).
  • Allowance for Descendants: Taxpayers can claim allowances for children, which vary depending on the number of children and their age.
  • Allowance for Ascendants: Similar allowances are available for supporting elderly relatives, under certain conditions.

Deductions for savings income

Savings income in Spain includes interest, dividends, and capital gains from the sale of assets. Spain applies a separate tax rate to savings income, distinct from the general income tax rates:

  • Tax rates for savings income are applied at progressive rates, starting from 19% for income up to €6,000, 21% for income between €6,000 and €50,000, and 23% for income above €50,000 (rates as of the 2021 tax year).

Taxation of UK pensions in Spain

The taxation of UK pensions in Spain depends on the type of pension and the residency tax status of the recipient:

  • State Pensions: UK state pensions are taxable only in Spain for residents of Spain, according to the Spain-UK Double Taxation Agreement. They must be declared as income and are subject to Spanish income tax rates.
  • Private Pensions: Private pensions are also taxable in Spain for Spanish tax residents. This includes workplace pensions and personal pension schemes.
  • Government Service Pensions: These remain taxable only in the UK, even if the recipient is a resident in Spain. This includes pensions for government employees, such as teachers, police officers, and military personnel.
  • Lump Sum Pension Withdrawals: The taxation of lump-sum withdrawals from pension schemes can be complex and depends on various factors, including the timing of the withdrawal and the amount.

Special considerations

  • Beckham Law: Some individuals moving to Spain for work may qualify for the Beckham Law, allowing them to pay tax at a flat tax rate on their income for a fixed period, excluding foreign income from taxation.
  • Modelo 720: Residents in Spain must declare their overseas assets, including pensions, if the total value exceeds €50,000.

Tax planning and compliance for expatriates are complex areas that require careful consideration of various factors, including residency status, the source of income, and applicable tax treaties.

Digital Nomads and Remote Workers Taxation in Spain

Spain updated its tax laws and specific regulations in 2024 to accommodate the growing trend of remote work and the unique circumstances faced by digital nomads and remote workers. This evolution reflects the increasing number of remote workers globally. The changes are particularly beneficial for those who come from other countries to live and work in Spain temporarily.

  • Tax Residency: Understanding tax residency is crucial for digital nomads and remote workers. In Spain, you are considered a tax resident if you spend more than 183 days in the country within a calendar year or if your main economic activities or professional interests are based in Spain. Tax residents are taxed on their worldwide income.
  • Social Security Contributions: Apart from income tax, it’s important to consider social security obligations. If you’re working for a non-Spanish company but living in Spain, the situation can be complex, and you might need to make contributions in Spain, depending on bilateral agreements and your specific circumstances.
  • Double Taxation Treaties: Spain has these types of agreements with many countries, which can affect how digital nomads and remote workers are taxed on their income. These treaties aim to prevent double taxation on the same income in two countries.

Currently, digital nomads and remote workers are subject to a 24 percent tax rate, limited to €600,000 per year, for the first four years. If you earn more than that, you will be taxed at 48 percent.

Types of Taxes in Spain

Property Taxes in Spain

calendar yearSpanish property taxes are primarily governed by the Impuesto sobre Bienes Inmuebles (IBI), also known as the Real Estate Tax:

  • The tax rate for the IBI can vary across municipalities and is typically a percentage of the cadastral value, typically ranging from 0.4 percent to 1.1 percent.
  • Property owners are responsible for paying the IBI, regardless of whether the property is occupied or vacant.
  • The tax revenue generated from the IBI is primarily used to fund local public services and infrastructure in the municipality where the property is located.
  • The payment of the IBI is typically made annually, and property owners receive a notification or bill from the local tax authorities indicating the amount due and the payment deadline.
  • In addition to the IBI, there may be other local or regional taxes related to property ownership, such as the municipal capital gains tax (Impuesto sobre el Incremento del Valor de los Terrenos de Naturaleza Urbana – IIVTNU) or the garbage collection tax (Tasa de Recogida de Basuras). These taxes can vary depending on the specific municipality or region.

Capital Gains Tax in Spain

Capital gains tax may be applicable when selling assets such as property, stocks, or business income. In Spain, the tax rate on capital gains can vary depending on the type of asset and the length of time it was held. Deductions and exemptions may apply, particularly the property transfer tax for individuals selling their primary tax residence.

Corporate Taxes in Spain

The corporate tax, or Impuesto sobre Sociedades, is imposed on companies operating in Spain:

  • The corporate tax in Spain is known as the Impuesto sobre Sociedades. It applies to companies and legal entities operating in Spain, including resident and non-resident entities.
  • The standard corporate tax rate in Spain is currently set at 25 percent. However, reduced rates may be available for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or companies engaged in certain activities or industries.
  • Companies are required to file an annual corporate tax return, reporting their net income, expenses, and other relevant financial information. Deductions, allowances, and exemptions specific to business activities and investment income may be available to reduce the taxable base.

VAT (IVA) in Spain

Value Added Tax (Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido – IVA) is a consumption tax applicable to the sale of goods and services in Spain. It is similar to the sales tax in other countries. The standard VAT rate is 21 percent, but ten percent and four percent reduced rates apply to specific goods and services. Businesses are responsible for collecting and remitting VAT to the tax authorities.

Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax in Spain

In Spain, when receiving an inheritance or gift, individuals may be subject to an inheritance tax and gift tax (Impuesto sobre Sucesiones y Donaciones). The tax rate and exemptions vary depending on the relationship between the donor and the recipient and the value of the assets transferred. Considering these taxes when planning and managing inheritances or gifts is important.

Wealth Tax in Spain

Wealth tax (Impuesto sobre el Patrimonio) is levied on individuals’ net worth. The wealth taxes apply to residents and non-residents who own significant assets in Spain. This tax rate is progressive, with higher rates applied to higher levels of net worth. Certain deductions and exemptions may apply, and it is essential to evaluate your assets and liabilities to determine your wealth tax obligations.

Tax in Spain for Married Couples

In Spain, married couples can file their income tax returns jointly or individually. Opting for joint filing can have certain tax advantages, as the tax brackets and deductions may be more favorable for couples. It is recommended to assess both options and determine the most advantageous approach based on your circumstances.

Tax Treaties and Foreign Asset Reporting Laws

Spain has an extensive network of tax treaties with various countries, including the United Kingdom, aimed at double tax avoidance and preventing tax evasion. These treaties typically cover income tax, corporate tax, and capital gains tax, ensuring that individuals and entities are not taxed twice on the same income.

The specific agreements define residency status for tax purposes, taxable income, and the method of eliminating double taxation.

Spain-UK tax treaty

The tax treaty between Spain and the UK is designed to clarify which country has the right to tax various forms of income. This includes employment income, pensions, business profits, and capital gains. The treaty helps determine how and where individuals and corporations should pay taxes, depending on their country of residence and where their income originates.

Key points covered in such treaties include:

  • Residency: Criteria for determining tax residency to establish which country has taxing rights.
  • Permanent Establishment: Definitions that determine where a business has sufficient presence to be taxed.
  • Withholding Taxes: Lowered rates or exemptions on dividends, interest, and royalties paid across borders.
  • Pensions: Taxation rights on pensions, including government service pensions and private pensions.
  • Elimination of Double Taxation and Tax Burden: Methods to avoid double taxation, usually through tax credits or exemptions.

Foreign asset reporting laws in Spain

Spain has strict foreign asset reporting requirements. Tax residents in Spain are required to report their assets held outside Spain if the total value exceeds €50,000 in any of the following categories:

  • Overseas bank accounts
  • Overseas investments
  • Real estate and rights over real estate located abroad

The Modelo 720 declaration must be filed by the end of March each year for the assets held in the previous year. It is only necessary to re-report when the value of an already reported asset increases by more than €20,000, or if the taxpayer disposes of an asset or acquires a new one.

Compliance and penalties for non-compliance

Compliance with both the tax treaties and foreign asset reporting laws is crucial. Non-compliance can generally subject culprits to severe penalties. For Modelo 720, the penalties for non-disclosure, incomplete disclosure, or incorrect disclosure can be particularly harsh. They may include:

  • Fines starting from €5,000 per detail or set of data related to the same asset, with a minimum fine of €10,000.
  • A minimum fine of €100 for each data or set of data if the declaration is filed late without prior notification from the tax authorities, with a minimum of €1,500.
  • Fines equivalent to 150% of the tax charge resulting from undeclared or inaccurately declared assets.

The Spanish tax authorities (Agencia Tributaria) are vigilant in enforcing compliance with these reporting requirements. It’s essential for individuals and entities affected by these laws to ensure accurate and timely reporting to avoid penalties.

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Frequently Asked Questions about Taxes in Spain

Are taxes high in Spain?

Spanish taxes can vary depending on the type of tax and individual circumstances, but overall, Spain’s tax rates are generally in line with other European countries.

Do you pay house tax in Spain?

Yes, property owners in Spain are required to pay the annual property tax known as Impuesto sobre Bienes Inmuebles (IBI).

What is the tax rate for non-residents in Spain?

The tax rate for non-residents in Spain varies depending on the type of income earned but generally ranges from 19 percent to 24 percent.

Do foreigners pay taxes in Spain?

Yes, foreigners living and working in Spain and their income are subject to Spanish tax laws and are required to pay income taxes on their Spanish-sourced income.

Can I live in Spain without paying taxes?

If you are a tax resident in Spain, you are generally obligated to pay taxes on your worldwide income. However, tax treaties and exemptions may apply depending on your specific circumstances.

Do US retirees pay taxes in Spain?

US retirees living in Spain may be taxed on their worldwide income. It is recommended to consult with a tax professional to understand the specific obligations and potential tax agreements between the US and Spain.

How much is sales tax in Spain?

The standard Value Added Tax (VAT) rate in Spain is 21 percent. However, ten percent and four lowered rates apply to certain goods and services.

What is the personal tax allowance in Spain?

As of the latest information available, the personal tax allowance in Spain is €5,550 for individuals under 65. Higher allowances apply to individuals over 65 or with disabilities.

How much is the tourist tax in Spain?

Spain does not currently impose a nationwide tourist tax. However, some regions or municipalities may have local taxes or fees that apply to tourists, such as the “tourist tax” in the Balearic Islands or Catalonia’s tourist tax on overnight stays.

What encompasses 'income tax' in Spain?

In Spain, income tax includes various forms of income like employment income, savings income, and other income.

It’s calculated based on an individual’s taxable income for tax purposes, applying specific tax rates.

For Spanish tax residents, it covers worldwide income, while non-resident income tax pertains to income earned within Spain by non-residents.

How is 'personal income tax' calculated for Spanish tax residents?

Personal income tax in Spain involves a comprehensive calculation including savings taxable income and specified foreign financial assets.

Important for both Spanish tax residents and those tax resident in Spain, it encompasses global income and various deductions, with special rules for income derived from abroad.

How does Spain handle 'double taxation' for its residents?

Double taxation in Spain affects those with income taxed in both Spain and another country.

To mitigate this, Spanish tax residents can use foreign tax credit and avoid double taxation agreements, relevant for individuals with foreign financial assets.

What factors into determining 'taxable income' in Spain?

Determining taxable income for tax purposes in Spain involves considering different income types and deductions.

The tax rates depend on income level, and tax credits are available for specific situations, including Spanish property tax.

What are the tax obligations of a 'tax resident in Spain'?

Being a tax resident in Spain entails the responsibility to pay tax on worldwide income. This includes adherence to the tax year in Spain, which runs from January 1st to December 31st, covering all income sources.

How does Spain approach 'tax avoidance'?

To combat tax avoidance, Spain enforces strict regulations for tax purposes, including mandatory reporting of income derived from various sources and penalties for non-compliance.

Are taxes in Spain high?

The perception of whether taxes are high in Spain can depend on one’s home country’s tax rates.

The Spanish government oversees a comprehensive system including taxes on dividend income, crypto taxes, and tax payable on various types of income.

For foreigners, especially from the European Economic Area, tax rates might feel different. Moreover, foreign earned income exclusion rules may apply differently.

Is there tax in Spain for foreigners?

Yes, foreigners in Spain, including those from outside the European Economic Area, are subject to various taxes. This encompasses taxes for American retirees in Spain and expat taxes.

Foreigners must also consider the fair market value of their assets when dealing with tax returns and primary tax forms.

The availability of tax credits and adherence to tax rules are essential aspects of the Spanish tax system for foreigners.

Who oversees the banking system in Spain?

The banking system in Spain sees regulation by both national and European authorities. The Banco de España, the National Securities Market Commission (CNMV), and the Ministry of Economy and Business are the primary national regulators.